The Psychology of Color

The Psychology of Color Consider it or not, bearing certain colors can help us elevate, make head way argument or encourage friends to share the latest gossip. Colors in our surroundings have the ability to keep us cool, motivate or de-motivate the conversation. The hues on packaging give some unperceivable messages that the enclosed product is salubrious, pricy or unsafe. Why? Because of the psychology of color, which refers to the strong emo ­tional reactions that we all have towards colors? Research studies show that our reaction is partly physiological based on the effects of the colors that have on our eyes and nervous system. It is also influ ­enced by our environment and life experiences. Beginning with the technology at its sim ­plest, the retina focuses on colors as rays of light which have varying lengths and degrees of refraction, reflection, absorption depending on the hue. The eyes sensing of each color induces fast reactions in the brain and autonomic nervous system. For example: Warm colors like reds, orange, yellows have the longest wavelengths, requiring energy to view them, thats why those colors seem to pop out at us. They stimu ­late the brain, raise pulse and respira ­tion rates. In contrast, cool colors like blues and green have the shortest wavelengths and can easily enter the eye. This produces a calming and relieves us while slowing the metabolism. In addition to the involuntary reac ­tions we have learned reception that is equally important to color. Were taught that pink is for baby girls and blue is for boys, white bridal gowns represents purity and naturalness, red for traffic signals which means to stop or danger ahead. The color of our clothes also speaks volumes. Would you be more related with a customer-service rep ­resentative who is dressed in white or black? Would you feel safer with a doctor wearing a navy tie or a bright orange one? Who would you choose as a finan ­cial advisor, a woman in a blue suit or one in hot pink? The colors we wear can be tranquilizing, enervate or energizing. While there are no good or bad colors, we can make exact selection to help us convey more effectively. This is true not only in fashion but also in home decoration, advertisement, graphics, product designs, and retail environments. For example: If guests yawning at our dinner parties? It may not be the company if your dining room walls are painted lavender, a color that encourages daydreaming and drowsiness. Looking for more than a cost-of-liv ­ing raise at work? As the most unforgettable and eye-catching of all colors, red will get you noticed and your boss will be much more likely to recall your ideas. Since color unconsciously determines people every day, theres a great van ­tage to understanding how and why these reactions occur. What follows is a detailed explanation of the physical responses we have towards each color, along with the most common psychological associations. Also sugges ­tions are included on how best is it to use this information in a variety of artistic, business, and lifestyle applications. Red When a toreador waves a red cape in the ring, he is playing to the crowd as much as the bull. Bulls are actually color ­blind and respond only to the movement of the cape; the audience, however, fully apprize the energy of vibrant red. The color says danger, fervor, warmth, intensity, hostility, and success. Thats not only an emotional reaction, but a physiological one as well. Red is a real shock to the system, takes grab of our attention and requires an effort to view. Looking at red will increase our blood pressure and make our pulse run. Did you ever thought why so many fast food restaurants are painted red? This is because red color sparks our salivary glands, making us hungry and also tiring our eyes, which boost us to eat, allot and leave faster. Gambling casinos found that people place larger and risky bets under red lights, so theyre often used in high-stakes areas. At the same time, the color provokes people to make speedy decisions, which is why its a popular choice for Buy Now buttons on retail websites. Red Red also transmits energy and courage, giving one a feel of power to get the things done. Thats why you would have seen politicians often wearing red ties. As a bonus, red is the most unforgettable of all colors as you can see gifts given in red gift wrapping, red hearts, red cards etc are memorized easily. Red kindles intense, strong emotion, passion among people. As already I have discussed above about bonus to red color, its the favorite color for valentines and appropriately named red light zone. Women in red are often seen as flirty, forthcoming, and playful. In China, red represents good luck and is worn by brides and used in red egg ceremonies to bless newborn babies. Feng Shui practitioners suggest using the power of red to kick out bad chi, or energy, from the house. But in deco ­rating, red comes with a lovingness. Red is used only in rooms where we want to boost activity and lively conversa ­tions, such as a living or dining room. It is also a great choice for pass ­ing through spaces where we dont spend a lot of time, such as hallways, lob ­bies, or guest bathrooms. In a childs room, the color causes insomnia. Due to high visibility it makes ideal for catching audience eye in advertisements and safe ­ty products like Campbell soup cans to fire extinguishers and exit signs. The dynamism of red also makes it the most commonly used color in national flags. COLOR PSYCH The red color gives the feeling of speed, power, joy, danger, and rage. True red is the most vivacious color. It is the driving color in the spectrum, express ­ing excitement. It attracts attention immediately and its separate the object and image from background. Red color makes people to feel warm. E.g. Coffee will seem hotter in a red cup than in a blue one. It is the first color we lose sight of, at dusk and is not well seen at a great distance. Barn, claret, and crimson reds are considered royal, single, strong and always great charm for men. Yellow There is a good reason for smiley face is yellow. The color of the sun, yellow gives a sense of lives. Psychologically it is the happiest color in the spectrum, guiding feelings of hope, joy, and spontaneity. Think of the term sunny disposal. When associated with the sun, yellow gives us an educated atmosphere that stands for wisdom, mind and vision. This feeling is supported by science, as yellow quickly reads with the brain, stimulat ­ing the nervous system. It is said to be the favorite color of Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a color we cant neglect. It visually pops out. You certainly cant miss yellow taxis or autos in traffic. Its high visibility promotes quick, clear thinking. According to leg ­endary color theorist Faber Birren, who focused on the functional use of hues in everyday life, Birren was responsible for the creation of the Yellow Pages in the 1950s to relieve the on-the-job monotony for telephone operators. Research from Pantone later con ­firmed Birrens theory, proving that a yel ­low background with black type is the most readable combination for printed material and the most contributive to memory retention. No wonder its used on legal pads and traffic caution signs. It also adds liveness to other col ­ors, making hot hues seem even more brilliant and bringing cool colors to life. Its therefore a consistent favorite in the home, filling any room with warmth, good cheer, and light. Most popular in kitchens and dining rooms, yellow also provides an appetizing backdrop for food. However, a little goes a long way. In small quantities it encourages lively conversa ­tion and cheerful times, but lengthy exposure to bright lemon can arouse too much mental stimulation and create anxiousness. It has been reported that couples have more quarrels in yellow kitchens and the color can make babies cry. Pale but ­tercup is a safer choice in the home. Yellow sends out other mixed mes ­sages as well. References to a coward being yellow started in tenth-century. Color Psych Yellow is the happiest color in the spectrum according to psychology, related with warmth, optimism, and joy. Yellow visually appears at you, it the very evident color. It is good for signs and product packages. Yellow suggest clear thinking. Black type on a yellow ground is the most clear color combination and helps in memory storage. Yellow combines with other color cause vitality. Overexposure to bright yellow can be unsettling. Paler hues are better for socializing, whereas gold tones signify wealth. Orange As human being, sometime we feel decrease ambition, idea these instant marked by low energy level. The orange color boosts oxygen aspiration to the brain. And since orange also increase appetite and helps indigestion. Red and Yellow combination makes orange, taking over from both colors. It has the energy and vitality of red and the happy, friendly qualities of yellow. It makes orange bold, energizing and expressing naturalness and fun. Bright orange is a greater attention and used effectively by construction workers and crossing guards as a warning. It represents good value as well and making good use for sale signs in store windows. Moreover it is quiet tones like colors of pumpkins and growing leaves. Orange is a reminder of autumn and harvest with their warm pleasing groups. Eyes catches burnt orange very easily and have a sophisticated appeal that can be both elegant and exotic. Orange also says fresh, healthy, and juicy, making it a favorite for table settings and kitchen accessories. It is used in sparingly in home decoration. Many expensive restaurants paint their walls and because the color is welcoming and appetizing. Color Psych Orange is a stimulating, energizing color that appears friendly, outgoing, cheerful, and adventurous. Bright orange has very high visibility, making it ideal for warning signals or grabbing attention, even when used in small amounts. Easier on the eye, autumnal and spicy oranges are warm, exotic, and appetiz ­ing, while peach tones are most flat ­tering to the skin. People who wear orange are thought to be creative, enthusiastic, and fun to be with, but possibly also a bit irresponsible. Because of its playful, active qualities, orange is a favorite of children, teens, and athletes. GREEN Green not only represents life and growth. It is the most relaxing, comforting color in the spectrum. The reason is physiological. Unlike other hues, green focuses directly on the retina without being refracted, making it especially easy on the eyes. It is also thought to have great healing powers and the ability to relieve and refresh. According to color consultant,. L. Mortons Color Matters website, people who work in green environments have fewer stomachaches. The lighter green is more calming. That is one of the reasons hospital walls are often painted sea foam, to literally affects worried patients and visitors. Then theres the use of green rooms backstage at theaters and television shows to reduce tension to performances. The calming quality of green has made the official color of safety worldwide as in safe to go traffic signals. Officials in London found another safety use for the color Painting the alarming Black friars Bridge a more calming green greatly reduced the rate of suicide jumpers. Greens send a variety of messages, depending on the shade. Kelly greens bring to mind spring and the outdoors, conveying happy, youthful feelings. But that can also suggest immaturity and inexperience, such as a newcomer being too green to succeed. Forest green is the color of mature trees representing stability and growth. Amazingly, green color is used in law offices and financial institutions. Green is the color of money too. Olive has the most power associated with it because it reminds people of the military, while grass greens connection to new life and growth has come to sym ­bolize fertility. That made it the favorite color for wedding gowns during the Renaissance. Color Psych Light green is physically is the most relax ­ing and calming color in the spectrum. As the easiest color on the eye and it is also improve vision. Vibrant greens remind people of the spring, life, nature , and youthful energy. Darker greens are making a logical think of stability and growth, showing high economic status and success. Green is the worldwide symbol for safety. Green also means go. Those people wears green are thought, dependable, and generous. Green has some negative associations also, when someone is sick, they suggested to look around the green things. Similarly, Paris green is consistently rated as the most unwholesome of all colors. In decorating many shades of green show harmonious through of house. Bright greens bring the feeling of nature inside and can create a smooth visual flow between the indoors and outside architectural ornament. This hue has a refreshing, nurtur ­ing quality, making them particularly appealing in kitchens and dining rooms. Because light green makes pleasant feelings of peace, it is ideal for home sanctuaries, like bathrooms or peace ­ful bedrooms. Greens give a sense of purity and freshness in packaging that is why it is popular on cosmetic containers. Products in green wrappers are also thought to be healthful, natural, and environmentally friendly. Blue Most of the people like blue and their favorite color also. Blue is the best liked of all colors. If someone likes blue color that means he is in good company. Light to medium range blues are especially pleasing and restful. Staring at blue actually reduces your pulse and respiration rate and temporarily low ­ers your blood pressure. Blue are positive in sense practically all our associations. When we see cool or ocean blues, many of us think of the sky and calming waters and a vacation on an exotic island. In many cultures blue is believed the most protective of all colors. In the Middle East, for example blue doors are thought to guard against evil spirits and people in the American Southwest often paint their porch ceilings blue to ward off ghosts. Before the coming of refrigeration, cobalt blue was used in kitchens and pantries because insects, unlike humans, are pushed back by this color. Blue kitchens continue to be popular to this day. Navy blue in particular represents loyalty and trustworthiness. Blue is always ideal for expressing sincerity and reliability. Men particularly like blue. Navy blue also commands respect, like police and military uniforms while blue created to enforce moral standards. Brighter blues are perfect wearing for parties and social gatherings because blue is always friendly and likable. Darker blues means good breeding, high social status, stability, and dignity. Color Psych Particularly it is always favorite of men. Blue is the best liked of all colors Practically all our relationships with blue are positive and always rising and peaceful color. Navy blue commands respect, representing loyalty, trustworthiness, fidelity, and integrity. Deep blue is associated with luxury in many cultures. Blue has been a symbol of fidelity, hope, and faith since ancient times. Thats where the tradition of the bride wearing something blue originated. Blue is associated with a sweet taste, which is why it is consistently used on sugar pack ­aging and related products. Luxury cars often come in an elegant midnight or silver blue that symbolizes power and success, while sportier cars, such as the Volkswagen Beetle, come in a brighter shade to suggest fun. Purple Purple could be called the psychology ­ of elegance color. Historically, The person who is most outstanding or excellent and someone who tops all others that kind of people only used purple because it is so difficult and expensive to produce . According to Simon Garfields fasci ­nating book Mauve, thousands of mollusks needed to be crushed, salted for three days, and then boiled for ten just to make enough dye for a single dress It is most difficult to describe this color in ancient Rome it is reserve for Caesar. So it is no wonder that purple is associ ­ated with wealth, royalty, and highlife. But there is a spiritual side also since purple later became the color of associated with church cloth and it became a decoration of prayer shawls in Judaism. Interestingly, the once-exclusive purple is now more popular with women than men. As a matter of fact many women means purple color as their favorite color. Perhaps purples color composition of excitement of red with the order of blue. Its therefore considered the color of compromise, or striking a happy medium. People who wear purple are thought to be nurturing, passionate, and eager to please qualities more often judge to women than men. Purple conveys very different emotions depending on its shade. The darkest plum has funereal overtones and can be depress ­ing and solemn. In many countries it replaces black as the official color of mourning. Royal purple, with its noble heritage, also suggests affluence and status Because of the quantity of red in their composition, bright color carry the most energy. Those are happier and exciting colors, violets and laven ­ders have a romantic, nostalgic quality. The quality of mixed messages of purple, the purple color rarely used in food packaging at the supermarket and in big-ticket purchases such as cars or appliances. In packages and advertising the color is most often used to denote products or services aimed at women For decorating the purples can be very dramatic and sensual. COLOR PSYCH Royal purple exudes class, power, passion, sensuality, and luxury. Deep plum is spiritual and mysterious, with a serious, dignified quality. Lavenders and violets have a sweet, romantic, and nostalgic appeal. People tend to get less work done in purple rooms because the color encourages daydreaming. Women often cite purple as their favorite color. Pink Pink not only promotes friendliness, but actually discourages aggres ­sion and ill will. Peachy pinks always used on the packaging of cosmetics because the color is very feminine and also praising to ones complexion. Mass-market lines such as Maybelline, however, prefer eye- catching hot pinks to grab attention in crowded pharmacy displays. In chromatherapy, a pink room is recommended for people who have trou ­ble calming down and letting things go. No matter how bad your day is, it is hard to hold onto aggression in the presence of pink. Color Psych Pink is the most passive of all colors, promoting friendliness while discourag ­ing aggression against oneself as well as others. Considered the most feminine color, pink is associated with nurturing and compassion. Pink calms and relieves, and is thought to aid in digestion. Shocking pink has a much higher concentration of red, making it appear energetic, fun, and trendy. Men prefer peachy pinks to express love. Brown Brown color as the color of earth and protective trees, it pro ­vides comfort while reminding us of hearth and home. The brown color family becomes especially popular during anxious times of social or economic commotion. Warm neutrals are perceived as having lasting value and can make people feel like everything is going to be all right. Those people who wear brown is very dependable, sincere, and hardworking. That belief goes back to historic times when bright colors were reserved for roy ­alty and the wealthy, assigning browns to the peasants. Feel and a sense of humility always denoted by brown, Brown is always wardrobe choice. It will make you look acceptive, reliable, and trustworthy. However, brown can lack authority in a middle-class work environment. In interior design, brown is consid ­ered the great leveler, grounding all the other colors. In a lush garden, earthy brown is the perfect backdrop for nature entire palette, whether warm or cool. Although it is the color of wood, brown is part of practically every room setting. Muted neutrals are often favorites in living rooms, studies, and family rooms because they appear simplicity and peace while creating intimacy. A rich mix of textures keeps the naturals from being boring and can offer a relieving sensuality. Pale neutrals make a room feel large and less cluttered, while darker browns create a sense of coziness and security. Chocolate brown walls can be particular rich and sophisticated. Men are particularly fond of brown. The color is shown as rough and outdoorsy, making it present in sporting goods, casual clothes, and all-terrain vehicles. The masculine combination of blues and browns is also consistently popular with men in both clothing and home design. Paper-bag brown is used to suggest the freshness of food, a reminder of the wrapping used in outdoor produce mar ­kets. Color Psych Brown is a warm, comforting color associated with the earth, trees, hearth, and home. People tend to buy big-ticket products in neutral colors, especially in an uncertain economy. Browns both put consumers at ease and are considered timeless. Brown has a common feel in clothing, making one look approachable, reli ­able, and sincere. Brown has a masculine, rugged quality that particularly appeals to men. Paper-bag brown is used in packaging to denote a natural product. Gray Other definition of Gray is neutral. It is the color that people rarely love or hate. Gray is noncommittal, formal, and dignified. Gray is suggest maturity and wisdom. A person with gray hair means lifetime and increasing knowledge and experience. Gray lacks warmth, remote and serious which it can make appear. For example stone churches, grave ­yards, and skyscrapers. In packaging grays have a rich, pres ­tigious appeal? Luxury automobiles are most popular in silver tones, as are plat ­inum charge cards with their heavy fees. As usual high-end boutiques always wrap goods in gray boxes means that there is a precious gift inside. Metallic gray associated with scien ­tific and technological advances is used effectively when introducing state of the art products. That is why gray color is mostly used in automobile. In interior design, dark gray is dignified and formal, while a lighter gray is more restful, nei ­ther shade will encourage lively conversa ­tion. Grays are better suited to rooms where the residents are looking for peace of mind. Color Psych Gray represents noninvolvement, showing formal, dignified, and conservative authority. Unlike neutral brown, gray lacks warmth, which can make it appear remote, solemn, and a bit gloomy when used alone. Gray is associated with wisdom and maturity, adding to its moneyed appeal. Metallic grays offer the promise of scientific and technological advances, as well as a sense of speed and competence. Grays are cool and restful in home decor, but also discourage lively con ­versation and offer an unattractive backdrop for food. White White represents purity, innocence, virtue, and fidelity. That is why it is the most popular color for wedding dresses. In clothing, white is often compared with significant wealth its wearer has a high social status. It is consider that white is absence of color, more shades of white are available commercially than of any other color. White also stands for truth and good ­ness. Safety and medical products are often white to suggest antiseptic cleanliness. Think of cotton bandages, cotton balls, and doctors lab coats. Whites associate with heaven and angels. And it is Symbolizes death in India, China and Japan Color Psych White symbolizes purity, innocence, goodness, and truth. Although white is neutral, it is considered a cool color because of its association with snow and ice. White is often used to suggest sim ­plicity, sterility, and safety. Waving a white flag is the international symbol of a call for a truce. White is popular on the packaging of dairy products, low-fat items, and refined ingredients such as sugar and flour. Black Without any question the black is most classic and overpowering color. It is related with death and darkness; it gives wary feeling of the unknown. It is also mysterious. And good luck if a black cat crosses your path. Blacks perceived foreboding gives it an air of danger as well, and it is used to great effect for the clothing of bodyguards, bouncers, and FBI personnel to intimidate potential troublemakers. Black is also the most popular color for limousines, Lincoln Town Cars, and the official vehicles that transport dignitaries, because the color implies that the person inside is important and worthy of respect. Research studies of American football statistics found that teams wearing black uniforms had more disputed plays called against them, apparently because referees subconsciously considered them the aggres ­sors. And why do you think referees uni ­forms are dominated by authoritative black? In the fashion world, black is truly present. The all purpose little black dress, first designed by Coco Chanel, comes up again and again as the height of sophis ­tication. (Its also slimming and does not show dirt, two major fashion pluses.)

Hip Hop and the African American Dream Essay

Spoken-word music arrived in America for the first time with slave ships from West Africa.   Ethnomusicologists have traced the roots of hip hop to the dance, the drum, and the song of West African griots or storytellers.   The pairing of word and music is recognized as a portrayal of the painful journey of slaves who survived the passage.   In early America, the slaves drew on the common elements of African music with their ring shouts, their field hollers, as well as their spirituals.   Thus, Samuel A. Floyd, the director of the Center for Black Music Research at Columbia College in Chicago attests: â€Å"Speech-song has been part of the black culture for a long, long time† (McBride).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the summer of the year 1973, an African American teenager in one of the Bronx River Houses, stuck a speaker in his living room window, ran a wire to the turntable in another room, and set the housing project of three thousand folks alight with party music.   Thus, Bronx turned into a music magnet, and hip hop was given birth to.   This birth led to the creation of dance styles, and graffiti artists found a new job: to paint the word â€Å"I† loud and clear because hip hop is all about identity, that is, â€Å"I am the best† (McBride).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James McBride notes: â€Å"Not since the advent of swing jazz in the 1930s has an American music exploded across the world with such overwhelming force.†Ã‚   As a matter of fact, hip hop is nowadays enjoyed by people from around the world, and by all races.   Still, the role of this music among the African Americans – the race through out of which emerge the best hip hop musicians – is crystal clear.   For African Americans, the music represents the good old dream to hit upon a pot of gold to millions of dollars.   Agonizing over how their parents slave many hours a day, young African Americans long to make it big in the hip hop business with fame and riches. Works Cited McBride, James. â€Å"Hip Hop Planet.† National Geographic, April 2007.

All Proven Rapists, Pedophiles and Murderers Should...

Working Title: â€Å"Capital punishment for all proven rapists, pedophiles, and murderers should be made the order of the day.† In the eighteenth century, death penalty was used as the severe Punishment if a Person disobeyed the laws. Death penalty also known as Capital Punishment is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner for a serious crime. The court, who administers the law enacted by parliament, will, after conviction of a criminal who has done serious offence, sentence him to be killed. It is believed by many, particularly those of religious persuasion that this type of punishment is inhumane and the practice should be abolished. I personally disagree with this opinion for several reasons. As Stated above, death penalty†¦show more content†¦(n.d.). Welcome. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://www.virtualclassroom.net/tvc/cappun/ Capital Punishment - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library. (n.d.). Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/criminology-and-crime/law-enforcement/capital-punishment.jsp Capital Punishment - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library. (n.d.). Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/criminology-and-crime/law-enforcement/capital-punishment.jsp Death Penalty amp; Capital Punishment | Amnesty International USA. (n.d.). Amnesty International USA - Protect Human Rights. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/page.do?id=1011005 Dictionary - Definition of Capital Punishment. (n.d.). Websters Online Dictionary - with Multilingual Thesaurus Translation. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definitions/Capital Punishment?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744:v0qd01-tdlqamp;cof=FORID:9amp;ie=UTF-8amp;q=Capital Punishmentamp;sa=Search#906 England, 1. I. (n.d.). Arguments for and against capital punishment. Capital Punishment U. Retrieved

Iditarod History and Overview of The Last Great Race

Each year in March, men, women, and dogs from around the world converge on the state of Alaska to take part in what has become known as the Last Great Race on the planet. This race is, of course, the Iditarod and though it doesnt have a long official history as a sporting event, dog sledding does have a long history in Alaska. Today the race has become a popular event for many people throughout the world. Iditarod History The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race officially started in 1973, but the trail itself and the use of dog teams as a mode of transportation has a long and storied past. In the 1920s for example, newly arrived settlers looking for gold used dog teams in the winter to travel along the historic Iditarod Trail and into the gold fields. In 1925, the same Iditarod Trail was used to move medicine from Nenana to Nome after an outbreak of diphtheria threatened the lives of nearly everyone in the small, remote Alaskan town. The journey was nearly 700 miles (1,127 km) through incredibly harsh terrain but showed how reliable and strong dog teams were. Dogs were also used to deliver mail and carry other supplies to the many isolated areas of Alaska during this time and many years later. Throughout the years, however, technological advances led to the replacement of sled dog teams by airplanes in some cases and finally, snowmobiles. In an effort to recognize the long history and tradition of dog sledding in Alaska, Dorothy G. Page, chairman of the Wasilla-Knik Centennial helped set up a short race on the Iditarod Trail in 1967 with musher Joe Redington, Sr. to celebrate Alaskas Centennial Year. The success of that race led to another one in 1969 and the development of the longer Iditarod that is famous today. The original goal of the race was for it to end in Iditarod, an Alaskan ghost town, but after the United States Army reopened that area for its own use, it was decided that the race would go all the way to Nome, making the final race approximately 1,000 miles (1,610 km) long. How the Race Works Today Since 1983, the race has ceremonially started from downtown Anchorage on the first Saturday in March. Starting at 10 a.m. Alaska time, teams leave in two-minute intervals and ride for a short distance. The dogs are then taken home for the rest of the day to prepare for the actual race. After a nights rest, the teams then leave for their official start from Wasilla, about 40 miles (65 km) north of Anchorage the next day. Today, the route of the race follows two trails. In odd years the southern one is used and in even years they run on the northern one. Both, however, have the same starting point and diverge approximately 444 miles (715 km) from there. They join each other again about 441 miles (710 km) from Nome, giving them the same ending point as well. The development of two trails was done in order to reduce the impact that the race and its fans have on the towns along its length. The mushers (dog sled drivers) have 26 checkpoints on the northern route and 27 on the southern. These are areas where they can stop to rest both themselves and their dogs, eat, sometimes communicate with family, and get the health of their dogs checked, which is the main priority. The only mandatory rest time however usually consists of one 24-hour stop and two eight hour stops during the nine- to twelve-day race. When the race is over, the different teams split a pot that is now approximately $875,000. Whoever finishes first is awarded the most and each successive team to come in after that receives a little less. Those finishing after 31st place, however, get about $1,049 each. The Dogs Originally, sled dogs were Alaskan Malamutes, but over the years, the dogs have been crossbred for speed and endurance in the harsh climate, the length of the races they participate in and the other work they are trained to do. These dogs are usually called Alaskan Huskies, not to be confused with Siberian Huskies, and are what most mushers prefer. Each dog team is made up of twelve to sixteen dogs and the smartest and fastest dogs are picked to be the lead dogs, running in the front of the pack. Those who are capable of moving the team around curves are the swing dogs and they run behind the lead dogs. The largest and strongest dogs then run in the back, closest to the sled and are called the wheel dogs. Before embarking on the Iditarod trail, mushers train their dogs in late summer and fall using wheeled carts and all-terrain vehicles when there is no snow. The training is then the most intense between November and March. Once they are on the trail, mushers put the dogs on a strict diet and keep a veterinary diary to monitor their health. If needed, there are also veterinarians at the checkpoints and dog-drop sites where sick or injured dogs can be transported for medical care. Most of the teams also go through a large amount of gear to protect the dogs health and they usually spend anywhere from $10,000-80,000 per year on gear such as booties, food, and veterinary care during training and the race itself. Despite these high costs along with the hazards of the race such as harsh weather and terrain, stress, and sometimes loneliness on the trail, mushers and their dogs still enjoy participating in the Iditarod and fans from around the world continue to tune in or actually visit portions of the trail in large numbers to partake in the action and drama that is all part of The Last Great Race.

The Footsteps Of Beethoven s Final Symphony - 1351 Words

I understood the essence of this quote after watching the film Following the Ninth: In the Footsteps of Beethoven’s Final Symphony. It is a very powerful film that illustrates the impact of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony on individuals from different places in the world. This film is not the type of documentary that I expected. It is one of the best film that I saw. Following the Ninth presents the significance of humanity. The director, Kerry Candaele acknowledged that it was the third movement of Beethoven’s final symphony that drew him into Beethoven’s world. For me, Beethoven’s last symphony has the spiritual power that lifts you up when you’re down. The impact of Beethoven’s the Ninth is so powerful that the director stated that Beethoven’s symphony â€Å"had reached me where it hurt.† The director’s interest in Beethoven started when he first listened to his last symphony in an afternoon drive to the California coast. Being carried away by Beethoven’s Ninth, Candaele has turned his interest in Beethoven’s last symphony into a film. China, Berlin, Chile, and Japan were the countries featured in the documentary. While studying Beethoven and his last symphony, Candaele discovered that Beethoven’s Ninth â€Å"has had a lasting political presence in the 186 years since its first performance, in 1824.† Beethoven’s last symphony became a message of hope for the protestors at the uprising in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. On the same year, Beethoven’s last symphony symbolized theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Beethoven On The Development Of The Symphony Until Mahler3555 Words   |  15 PagesDiscuss the impact of Beethoven on the development of the symphony until Mahler. Difficult as it may be to define the true relationship of an artist to his successors, this difficulty is enormously increased when the subject is as complex a man and musician as Beethoven. His role as both a â€Å"preserver of the eighteenth-century tradition1 and a pioneer of romantic self-expression, has secured his status as one of the most revered composers in the history of Western music. Throughout his symphonic cycleRead MoreBeethoven Paper, about his life and works.1966 Words   |  8 PagesLudwig von Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven is a name that is common to most people and is synonymies with great classical music. He is known, quite loosely, as the German composer who created beautiful pieces with an incredible disability. Despite an unhappy family setting and the deafness that struck soon after, the man appeared to rise from his misfortunes and follow his passion. Mr. Beethoven created some of the most wonderful music and is considered one of the greatest musicians of all time.Read MoreThe Classical Era Of Music1012 Words   |  5 PagesClassical era expanded from 1770 to 1820, and during that time many great composers rose including Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven. A very important composer whose music is still heard today is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His fame and great works in music changed throughout his childhood, middle age, and his final years. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria January 27, 1756. His father Leopold Mozart was a violinist to the court. Wolfgang AmadeusRead MoreConfessions Of A Key Board Dabbler1832 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironment. Post war 1950’s America had the progression of Jazz with artists such as Charlie â€Å"Bird† Parker pushing the limits of the saxophone to create the bebop sound, echoed in the rhythm of prose of writer Jack Kerouac and Jackson Pollock’s abstract of the brush. Franz Schubert’s fellow artists were no different at the turn of the eighteenth century as the Classical period was ending at the birth of the Romantic period. Franz’s short prolific career of vocal works, symphonies, operas and piano worksRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesThe Ballad of the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A young

Mathematical Theory of Communication on Art Free Essays

Shannon and Weaver’s Mathematical Theory of Communication is probably the most influential of all communication models; and has been used as a guide from which many contemporary communication theories have emerged. The theory’s large influence on communication studies has also led some to claim that the theory is widely applicable to human communication. In this essay, I will be analyzing how artworks are used to communicate messages and ideas to the general audience with the use of this theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematical Theory of Communication on Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the first part, I will briefly introduce the theory as a general entity. I will follow with my analysis. The Mathematical Theory of Communication The Mathematical Theory of Communication, hereinafter be referred to as the Mathematical Model, consists of several elements. The first five elements namely, Information Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver and Destination are all connected in a linear fashion. The sixth element, Noise Source, is connected to the Channel. The model is illustrated below (Figure 1). Figure 1: Mathematical Theory of Communication The Information Source is what produces the message. A Transmitter encodes the message into a signal and is passed through a Channel. The Receiver then decodes a message from the signal and is passed to the Destination. Noise Source is anything added to the signal that is not intended by the Information Source and distorts the message. Using this model, there are many ways an artwork can communicate a message. The first instance is when an artwork is both the Information Source and Transmitter and the audience the Destination and Receiver. In the second instance the artist is the Information Source, the artwork the Channel and the audience, again, the Destination. The third instance is when an arts manager is placed into the equation. The Artwork and Audience The first instance is probably the ‘cleanest’ of the three ways proposed, involving two parties, the artwork and the audience. A painting hung on the wall at a gallery catches the eye of an audience member. The audience member proceeds to stand in front of the painting and attempts to analyze the painting’s message or perhaps just marvel at its brilliance. In this case, the simplistic Mathematical Model can then be further simplified to just include just the Information Source, Noise and Destination. Noise in this scenario may include the inappropriate lighting in the gallery, noisy children running around in the gallery or even the way the painting is presented. All of the above would diminish the audience’s ability to interpret the artwork’s message. The underlying assumption here is that the artist has completely divorced himself from the artwork and does not care how the audience interprets his art. However some artist do care about the message being send across. The Artist The second instance brings in the ‘third’ party, the artist. Here the artist is the Information Source and Transmitter who uses his artwork to communicate ideas. This artwork becomes the Channel of communication. Now Noise has the potential to disturb the message at two points, one between the Transmitter to the Channel, and the other from Channel to Receiver. The shape of Mathematical Model thus becomes slightly irrelevant, although the linearity of the model stays in contact. Noise can happens in the first point when the artist is unable to materialize fully his concepts. This could be due to the lack of funds or the inability to acquire certain materials the artist hopes to use. The message is then compromised. The second point occurs when the audience is unable to interpret correctly what the artist is trying to convey. There are many communication theories that elaborate on this, however for the purposes of this essay I will elaborate on ‘preconceived notion’ and ‘ideological differences’. Preconceived notions could come in many forms, for instance when one first views Damien Hirst’s The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, one might assume the glass tank was an thoughtless choice when in actuality there was a certain artistic element to it. Yet such a misunderstanding does not affect the overall message of Hirst’s work. However an ideological difference, could affect greatly the message intended. The list of ideological differences is endless, but one of the most prominent ideological different that still persists in this century is religion. To one the Balinese Dances may have religious significance however to another who is a non-believer, such dances might just be a work of art with culture as the theme. In addition, the masks used in such dances might become a sacred object but to another it might be nothing more than a work of art. The time and purpose of an artwork might also create disparity in the understanding of the message. During the 16th century, the art was used to propaganda the Christian faith, which was competing for the spiritual allegiance of masses with the other religious fractions in Europe. Now however, an art lover would just be inspired at the sheer brilliance of the artwork, eliminating the evangelical purpose. Arts Manager The third instance introduces a ‘fourth’ party to the equation, the arts manager. Communicating art, as illustrated above, is no easy task. One might need to transcend boundaries and ideologies in order to fully understand the message of the artwork. The arts manager can be placed in numerous positions in the Mathematical Model. In one instance the arts manager might elongate the communication chain. The artist (Information Source) might communicate to the Arts Manager (Receiver). The Arts Manager, now the Information Source, will then communicate to the Audience who becomes the second Receiver. This elongated chain would then create more opportunities for Noise to develop. The arts manager may also assume the role of the Channel. Here the artist or artwork will be the information source. In this model, if related back to the original Mathematical Model implies that the arts manager (Channel) is the sole producer of Noise, if any. Conclusion Ultimately when communicating, the ideal circumstance would arise if the message to be conveyed is transmitted and understood in its entirety. Thus is it the job of an arts manager to reduce Noise so that the artist is able to convey his message? Or is it the artist job to better his craft if he wants to convey the message? With that said, is Noise necessarily always negative? What if the Noise was intended? In the experimental exhibitions entitled Not Against Interpretation, the Singapore Art Museum decided to challenge the concept of interpretation by allowing several curators to interpret the same artworks to the audience. The audience can then decide which interpretation to accept. The philosophy behind this is to exploit the ‘openness’ of contemporary art and also provide an opportunity to engage with people from varied backgrounds. Bibliography Agata, T. Okada, T. â€Å"How does information about creative process affect audience appreciation of artwork? Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (2006): 949-954. Print Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 2008. Print. Dannatt, Adrian. † Life’s Like This Then It Stops† Flash Art. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. http://www. flashartonline. com/interno. php? pagina=articolo_det. Elsen, Albert E. Purpose of Art An Introduction to the His tory and Appreciation of Art Fourth Edition. USA; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. , 1981. Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Routledge, 1990. Print. Introduction to Bali: Art Ritual Performance. Dir. Deborah Clearwaters. Asian Art Museum’s Education and Public Programs, 2011. Film. Newton, Eric. â€Å"Art as Communication. † British Journal of Aesthetics 1. 2 (1961): 71-85. Print. Pang, Ruben. Personal interview. 5 April. 2012. Roszak, Theodore. The Cult of Information: The Folklore of Computers and the True Art of Thinking. New York: Pantheon, 1986. Print. Shannon, Claude E. and Warren Weaver. â€Å"The Mathematical Theory of Communication. † Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1949. Tinggal, Zainal Abiddin. The Dances of ASEAN. Brunei Darussalam: ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information, 1998. Print. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. John Fiske, â€Å"Introduction to Communication Studies† (1990) Pg 6. [ 2 ]. Ibid. [ 3 ]. The essay revolves around the assumption that artists use art as a communicative device to express emotions and ideas. Eric Newton further elaborates this idea in his paper †Art as Communication†. [ 4 ]. To better illustrate the Mathematical Model assume a telephone conversation. In such a case the Channel is the wire and the signal is the electrical wire in it. The telephone handsets are the Transmitter and Receiver, and the people using those handsets are the Information Source and Destination. Noise Source in this instance could be distortion of sound in the telephone wire due to various reasons. [ 5 ]. Many critics have condemned Shannon and Weaver’s theory to be overly simplicity. One such critic, Theodore Roszak, agues in his book â€Å"The Cult of Information† that the model has no mechanism for distinguishing important ideas from pure non-sense. [ 6 ]. Although the article â€Å"How does Information about Creative Process Affect Audience Appreciation of Artwork? † does not provide conclusive findings, the study conducted does however provide relevant insight with regards to forming curatorial concepts. 7 ]. In the interview conducted on 5th April 2012, Ruben Pang, a local painter, reveals that he prefers that his artworks connect with the audience on their own accord. And in his analogy â€Å"Much to the same degree as a love song with generic lyrics. The audience likes the song because they are deluded that it relates to them when in actual fact the love song might be about a particular girl. However when the audience finds out that the love song is indeed about a particular girl, the lost interest in the song. † [ 8 ]. The Propeller Group, a team made of three video artists, made a video entitled ‘Uh! to communicate the ideas of freedom of expression in present day Vietnam. For an online interview with the Propeller Group please refer to http://is. asia-city. com/events/article/60-seconds-propeller-group. [ 9 ]. After publishing the original theory in the The Bell System Technical Journal, Shannon and Weaver became that Noise could happen at other points besides the Channel. Another theory, the Information Theory was thus conceived. [ 10 ]. In an interview with Adrian Dannatt, Hirst mentions his infatuation with glass and thus the continuous use of glass in many of his other works. 11 ]. The Balinese dances were usually performed in temples for scared rituals to local deities associated with nature and ancestr y. However in recent years, due to globalization and ASEAN’s push for cultural development and education, such dances have travelled around the world. (Introduction to Bali: Art Ritual Performances, 2011)(Tinggal, 1998) [ 12 ]. The Balinese believe the masks, when carved properly and are consecrated, becomes a vessel for a deity. In turn, the mask becomes a protective guardian and powerful sacred force when worn during a dance. Introduction to Bali: Art Ritual Performances, 2011)(Tinggal, 1998) [ 13 ]. Albert E. Elsen â€Å"Purpose of Art: An Introduction to the History and Appreciation of Art† (1981). [ 14 ]. Not Against Interpretation is an experimental platform to nurture an appreciation for contemporary art. The first artwork to be presented under this series is A Flog of Birdies by Singaporean artists Jason Lim and Vincent Leow. The work was an artistic collaboration between them as part of UTOPIA (United Together to Organise and Produce Interesting Art). How to cite Mathematical Theory of Communication on Art, Essay examples

Trends In Journal Of Intellectual Property -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Trends In Journal Of Intellectual Property? Answer: Introduction Increased number of similar business organizations in the market gives rise to tough and competitive business environment. As the business organizations have similar products and services to offer to the customers, attracting them becomes comparatively difficult. This gives rise to saturated business environment where the business organizations faces issues in terms of attracting new customers and increasing the customer base as well as earning increased revenue for the company (Beamish 2013). As a result, the business organizations aim towards global or international expansion, as this provides an opportunity for the business organizations to penetrate new markets and increase the customer base and business profit. Global expansion also helps the business organizations to gain competitive advantage and sustain in the competitive market (Cavusgil et al. 2014). However, the business organizations have to verify and validate various factors before aiming for global expansion. The busin ess environment, need of the service or product in the host country, foreign policy and international trade are some of the factors that the business organization need to analyze before international expansion. This report introduces about the country based business opportunity for Risual, a UK based IT company that aim towards expanding its business internationally in Nigeria. In order to do so, the report analyses the company, its proposed expansion strategy, general description of Nigeria including PESTLE analysis, international trading and financial status followed by opportunities, issues and suitable recommendations of expanding and conducting business in Nigeria. Overview of the company Risual is a UK based business organization that was established in the year 2005. Richard Proud and Alun Rogers founded the business organization. Risual provides IT based services in collaboration with the aligned consultancy. The sole business operating strategy of Risual is Microsoft platform. Over the past 12 years, the business has been able to achieve necessary success. This is because the business organization aimed towards discovering new technologies by understanding the new challenges. In addition to, the business organization also aimed towards finding new solutions for the identified challenges thereby, overcoming them. This highlighted the major reason for the huge success the company achieved over the past 12 years (Bird and Mendenhall 2016). Based on the existing business strategy and operations, the company has invested hugely in order to expand the business in respect to technology by taking required guidance from the available experts. Based on the current IT market scenario in the UK, the company is planning for international business expansion in Nigeria. The international business expansion provides an opportunity for Risual to gain competitive advantage by penetrating new markets and increasing the customer base. As the UK market is saturated by IT business organization, international expansion to Nigeria provides better business and market opportunities for the company (Penrose 2013). Describing the proposed expansion Risaul is planning to expand internationally to Nigeria based on the current demand IT demand of the country. The business organization is proposing its expansion in Lagos, one of the largest cities in Africa. Lagos is the business hub of the country featuring different business organizations from different business market. The business organization need to consider the cultural differences of both the countries that exists distinctively. Thus, the human resource management of the company needs to describe the product or service that they aim towards providing to the Nigerian customers along with analyzing the existing market followed by developing and implementing marketing strategy (Zander, McDougall-Covin and Rose 2015). General description of the chosen country Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa and is officially a democratic secular country. Nigeria has 36 cities out of which the five largest cities are Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Abuja and Port Harcourt with an estimated population of 22.5 million people. The GDP per capita of the country is USD 3,000. It has been seen that the collective buying power of household earnings is USD 1,000 to USD 5,000. Compared to the rest of Africa, the most significant factor for the Nigerians is price. Around 61% of the Nigerian population is literate and English is the official language of the country (Watts 2013). PESTLE analysis of Nigeria The PESTLE analysis of Nigeria includes: PESTLE Factors Political Politically stable since 1999 Regional political leader in Africa Federalism system of the operating government Peoples Democratic Party is the largest political party of Nigeria Economic Nigerias economy has risen from $170 billion to $451 billion 74 million people comprises of Nigerias labor force Gross Domestic Product is risen to 6.1% Oil sector is the dominant sector in Nigeria Social Culture and society highly influenced by politics Most populous and well-developed country in Africa Estimated population is 200 million people Christianity and Islam are the two major religions in the country. Technological Fastest growing mobile technology Technology hub of Africa Nigeria hosts 1400 internet with an estimated 45 million internet users Foreign investors have targeted Nigeria due to its enormous growth potential Legal Company and Allied matters Act is the primary law that governs business in Nigeria The needs to have minimum 2 and maximum 50 employees Founding members needs to be above 18 Minimum share capital of the company registered in Nigeria is 50 Euros. Environmental Daunting environmental challenges Increased air pollution in Lagos Other environmental issues include deforestation, biodiversity damage and drainage blockage Oil spillage, agricultural waste and excessive mineral exploitation and mining Analysis Political: From the above table, it can be said that Nigeria is the regional political leader of Africa and has achieved political stability since 1999. The country gained independence in 1960 and in 1999 the country chose it first President democratically. The Peoples Democratic Party is the largest political party in Africa until March 2015 when All Progressive Congress came to power (Joseph 2014). Economic: Nigeria has gained the status of economic freedom and ranks 116th at global platform. The Nigerians economy has risen from $170 billion to $451 billion. The countrys gross GDP has risen to 6.1%. Among the Sub-Saharan Africa region, Nigeria has the 20th position. In 2016, the economic freedom score of Nigeria was 57.5 that shows 1.9 points increment. The country also has relatively stable exchange rate (Eze 2013). Social: Nigeria is one of most populated country in Africa with an estimated population of 200 million people. The Nigerian society is highly influenced by culture and politics. Christianity and Islam are the two major religions that the society follows. The country has highly active working class with a total dependency ratio of 87.7. Nigeria has the history of going through longest period of civilian rule and democracy in the history (Raimi et al. 2014). Technological: Nigeria is considered as the psychology hub of Africa and has the fastest growing mobile technology. Nigeria has approximately 45 million internet users. Due to such technological advancements, foreign investors from Europe, Asia and the US chose Africa for business expansion (Adebayo, Ugiomoh and AbdulMalik 2013). Legal: According to the legal structure of the country, the business organization needs to have minimum 2 and maximum 50 employees and needs to be registered under Company and Allied Matters Act. The funding members need to be above 18 years with a minimum share capital of 50 Euros (Baba et al. 2013). Environmental: Nigeria has huge environmental impacts such as oil spillage, drain blockage, deforestation, mineral exploitation and mining. The capital of Nigeria, Lagos has the highest air pollution (Iwegbue 2014). From the above PESTLE analysis, it can be said that Nigeria is a suitable country for international business expansion for foreign business organization. Thus, Nigeria is suited country for Risual to expand internationally. Status of Nigeria in the international trading and financial system Nigeria has the largest economy within Africa, as it is considered the business hub of the African subcontinent. Nigeria is the leading oil exporter and has the largest natural gas reservoir in the African continent. Industries such as trade, agriculture, telecommunications and manufacturing are the major market sectors that run the economy of Nigeria. The main international trading partners of Nigeria are European Union, China, Brazil, India, US and Japan (Adeyinka 2014). The Nigeria financial system comprises of the financial markets, that is, the money and the capital markets, financial institutions and supervisory and regulatory bodies. The different financial institutions include Urban Development Bank, Nigerian Agricultural and Rural Cooperatives Bank. Other than these financial institutions, the non-governmental financial bodies of Nigeria include Primary Mortgage Institutions, Bureau de change, pension funds and finance companies. It is evident that the Nigerian financial system has undergone drastic change ranging from the length and breadth of the regulatory and supervisory body to the structure of the ownership. The Nigerian financial system also shows relationships between individuals and the regulatory bodies that make up the economy of the country. In Nigeria, the Commercial Banks are the most relevant financial institutions that mobilize and encourage savings along with channeling the savings into productive investment units (Claessens, Ghosh and Mihet 2013). The above figure suggest that the Nigerian financial system is divided namely into formal and informal financial systems. The formal financial system consists of the non-bank and bank financial institutions whereas the informal financial systems include the loan associations, savings and the moneylenders. Central Bank of Nigeria, Federal Mortgage bank of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Finance, Securities and Exchange Commission and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation regulate the aforementioned financial institutions. However, the informal financial sector of Nigeria lacks formal regulation and proper organization (Muritala and Fasanya 2013). As commented by Obamuyi (2013), the financial system of Nigeria plays a crucial role for the economic growth of Nigeria. This is because the financial system of Nigeria helps in improving the existing economic performance of the country. The stable financial structure of Nigeria establishes a platform for the national and international business organizations to allocate the financial resources appropriately thereby, ensuring productivity. In addition to, the financial system also strikes a balance between the parties willing to invest funds and parties who requires funds. Thus, Risual, the IT based UK business organization needs to consider the international status and financial system of Nigeria before expanding to Nigeria internationally. Opportunities and risks offered by Nigeria Nigeria is the business hub in Africa that is considered as the most preferred location for establishing and conducting business compared to the rest of the Africa. One of major opportunities in Nigeria is its large population and low labor cost. Nigeria has an estimated 22.5 million population thereby, ensuring high availability of labor force. As a result, the international business organization has the opportunity of availing huge labor force at minimal labor cost. In addition to, the growing middle class and the rate of literacy also provides an opportunity for the business organizations to establish their business in Nigeria successfully (Adeusi et al. 2014). Thus, one of the major opportunities that Nigeria will provide to Risual is maximum labor force availability at minimal cost. Availability of young, educated and entrepreneurial population are another potential opportunity that Nigeria provides for the international business organizations. Nigeria has encountered increased literacy rate that has given rise to young entrepreneurial population. The rate of increased literacy provides an opportunity for the international business organizations to recruit or get associated with young and enthusiastic talents. This provides an opportunity for the host business organizations to explore new dimension in the market sector as new and young talents are associated with them (Maduka and Onwuka 2013). However, with the potential opportunities, Nigeria imposes some challenges for the international business organizations. As commented by Abiola and Olausi (2014), security issues is one of the potential risks that is highly prevalent in Nigeria. In the Northern and Southern Nigeria, security is an issue, as there has been reports of frequent conflicts between the political parties. Business is highly hampered in Nigeria due to the political conflicts that eventually leads to security issues. In addition to, lack of political stability is also a potential risk for the international business organizations in Nigeria. Absence of help and support from the governmental bodies makes it difficult for the international business organization to do business in Nigeria. In addition to the above-mentioned risk, corruption and poor infrastructure can lead to higher operating expenses. The international business organizations has to build suitable and adequate infrastructure for carrying out the business. This leads to additional expenses for the international business organizations has they have to build required infrastructure (Bello 2014). Thus, Risual has to ensure that they identify the potential risks for doing business in Nigeria and overcome them. This will help Risual to conduct the business successfully and gain competitive advantage. Internationalization potential of the Risaul The SWOT analysis of Risual includes: Strength Financially strong Strong dominance in the domestic market Comprehensive business portfolio Impressive client base in the UK Weakness Limited off shore sites No international expansion Small business units and brand portfolio Limited depth and infrastructure management Opportunities International expansion Big data capabilities Chasing market potentials Undertaking government projects Threats Intense domestic competition Impact of Brexit Visa fees and regulations Penalty from lawsuits Analysis Strength: Risual is a UK based software company that has strong dominance in the domestic market. The company is financially strong that has helped the company to build a comprehensive business portfolio. In addition to, the company also has impressive client base in the UK market (Brooks, Heffner and Henderson 2014). Weakness: The potential weakness of Risaul is its limited off shore activities. The company has small business units and brand portfolio due to which the company lacks evident competitive advantage. In addition to, the company also has limited depth and infrastructure management thereby, restricting the progress of the business (Bohari, Hin and Fuad 2017). Opportunities: The Company has wide opportunities of going international expansion, as Risaul has big data capabilities. The company also has market chasing potentials thereby, giving them competitive advantage. In addition to, the company is also able to undertake government projects that provide suitable opportunities for generating increased revenue (Chen, Kim and Yamaguchi 2014). Threats: The potential threats of Risual include intense domestic competition in the UK market due to both small and large software companies. In addition to, the impact of Brexit has affected the business condition of the company including penalty from lawsuits and visa regulations and fees (Rachid and El Fadel 2013). From the above SWOT analysis, it can be said that Risaul, the UK based software company is suitable for international expansion in Nigeria. Issues found in doing business in Nigeria As Risual is expanding the business internationally to Nigeria, the UK based company needs to consider the issues that is encountered while doing business in Nigeria. The major issue of doing business in Nigeria is the existing corruption in the country. Reports suggest that corruption is responsible for the bottlenecks thereby, characterizing the difficulty of doing business in Nigeria. As corruption exists in Nigeria, the host business organizations have to pay huge amount to the government authorities of Nigeria to convince them and make the expansion successful (Mohammed 2013). In addition to, lack of political stability and weak government institutions are the major issues for the host business organization while doing business in Nigeria. As commented by Nageri, Umar and Abdul (2013), the majority of the Nigerian economy is dependent on the oil industry. The oil industry is the sole industry that earns the revenue for the country. Thus, the citizens and the government do not easily accept business organizations in different market sector. The Nigerian citizens and the government put in maximum effort to promote oil industry compared to the business organizations in other market sector. As a result, the host organizations belonging to different market sector is not easily accepted in the Nigerian market. The foreign exchange restriction is another potential issue that Risaul can face while doing business in Nigeria. This is because the decline in the oil price resulted in fall of the value of Naira, the Nigerian currency. Post the value depreciation of Naira, the Central bank of Nigeria imposed several foreign exchange restrictions in 2015 (Abdu 2013). This decision was undertaken by the Central Bank of Nigeria in order to restrict the outflow of dollar from the country and maintain the value of Naira. Strict foreign exchange restrictions post the depreciation has given rise to potential challenges of doing business in Nigeria. Enforcing the intellectual property rights is a major issue that the business organizations encounter while doing business in Nigeria. This is because Nigerias institutional infrastructure and official pronouncement, protection of intellectual property rights need protection and appropriate enforcement. In addition to, the absence of updated intellectual property rights in Nigeria creates issues. Violation of the intellectual property rights law is spread widely in Nigeria, as majority of the part in Nigeria has cultural inadequacy. In addition to, lower level of knowledge and awareness in Nigeria about intellectual property rights law is the major cause of ignorance in the country (Velmurugan 2013). The existing gap in the Nigerian society is prevalent making it difficult for the business organizations to conduct business. This is because increased rate of poverty results in higher illiteracy rate thereby, giving rise of youth that has inadequate education and knowledge (Anyanwu 2014). Thus, in spite of having high population the business organization has limited access to work force. In addition to, the lower exchange rate compared to the currency rate of the European countries is also an issues that international business organizations need to consider while doing business in Nigeria. Thus, Risaul needs to consider the issues while expanding their software business in Nigeria. Suitable recommendations for overcoming the issues in Nigeria Based on the above-mentioned issues, the potential recommendations include: Eligible and qualified workforce for protecting intellectual property rights: Risual needs to pay attention while recruiting their employees. As Risual is a host company, recruiting the locals will provide potential advantages for establishing the business. This is because the locals have a better understanding of the surrounding environment. As it can be seen, that implementation of intellectual property rights is difficult in Nigeria due to lack of transparency, eligible and qualified workforce needs to be recruited by the company. This will ensure that the employees recruited by Risual will have fair knowledge about the significance of implementing intellectual property rights law. This will also ensure that the employees working for Risual will keep in mind and work by implementing the intellectual property rights. This will provide an opportunity for the company to protect their patents and sustain in the competitive market (Xin and Zhang 2015). Thus, Risual will have to recruit eligible and qualified workforce for carrying on their business smoothly in Nigeria. Creating transparency and openness in government spending: Corruption is highly prevalent in Nigeria due lack of transparency in the system. Thus, the best technique to fight corruption is by creating transparency within the existing system. Being a host company, Risual needs to create transparency within their working system. This will provide an opportunity for the company to keep track of their gains and expenses. Keeping track will help the company to detect if the employees working are promoting corruption or not. Creating transparency in the government spending system will help the company to combat corruption. They will be able to detect the loopholes in the existing system along with getting hold of the people responsible for promoting corruption. Preventing corruption will help Risual succeed in the market of the host country and establish them successfully. This will also help the company to gain profit, as they will be able to save unnecessary expenses within the company b y restricting corruption. Conclusion In this report, it can be concluded that Risaul is a UK based IT company that is mainly based on Microsoft and provides consultancy services to the customers. The company was established in 2005 in the UK and have gained huge popularity over in the past 12 years. However, the UK market has become saturated with increased number of IT business organizations due to which Risual has decided to expand their business globally. Global expansion provided an opportunity for Risual to penetrate new markets and attract new customer base. Global expansion will also allow Risaul to gain competitive advantage and sustain in the competitive market. After thorough analysis, Risual has decided to expand their business globally to Nigeria. Nigeria is considered as the business hub of Africa with an estimated population of 22.5 million people. The company has conducted a thorough analysis of the macro environment of Nigeria thereby, analyzing the political, economic, social, technological and environm ental aspect and confirmed that international expansion in Nigeria is suitable. This is because of the increasing demand of the IT in Nigeria along with increased educated and entrepreneurial population that is facilitating business opportunities for international business organizations. However, Risual needs to consider the potential issues of doing business in Nigeria that includes corruption, poverty, violation of intellectual property rights law and foreign exchange restrictions. Post identification of the potential issues of carrying out business in Nigeria, Risual needs to find suitable recommendations for overcoming them effectively. References Abdu, M., 2013. Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria.International Journal of Arts Sciences,6(1), p.63. Abiola, I. and Olausi, A.S., 2014. 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