Spice Girls - Spice Girls free essay sample

If you enjoy listening to pop/rock music, you will really enjoy the Spice Girls album. It has two top hits on the radio today. One is called If ya wannabe my lover and the other is Say youll be there. They are very popular right now. They are among the top ten in the world. The group consists of five girls. Each has a different role in the music they play, but they all work together to make their music cool and popular to teenagers today. This is the Spice Girlss first self-titled album. I bought it about a week ago and enjoyed every minute I have listened to it. Even their music videos are really awesome. Its one of the best compact disks of my collections. Whenever I turn on the radio and the songs come on, I recite the whole song word for word. We will write a custom essay sample on Spice Girls Spice Girls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think that the group is going to be around for quite a while. Everyone is listening to them, and I think you should really, really consider buying this album. You would really enjoy it. Its worth spending the $15 dollars. The album is the best.

How to Make an Inference in 5 Easy Steps

How to Make an Inference in 5 Easy Steps We all have to take those standardized tests where youre presented with a large passage of text and must work your way through the multiple-choice problems that follow. Most of the time, youll get questions asking you to find the main idea, determine the authors purpose, understand vocabulary in context, figure out the authors tone, and, the topic at hand, make inferences. For many people, understanding how to make an inference is the toughest part of the reading passage, because an inference in real life requires a bit of guessing. On a multiple-choice test, however, making an inference comes down to honing a few reading skills like these listed below. Read them, then practice your new skills with the inference practice problems listed below. What exactly is an inference? Step 1: Identify an Inference Question First, youll need to determine whether or not youre actually being asked to make an inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions will have the words suggest, imply or infer right in the tag like these: According to the passage, we can reasonably infer...Based on the passage, it could be suggested that...Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?The passage suggests that this primary problem...The author seems to imply that†¦ Some questions, however, will not come right out and ask you to infer. Youll have to actually infer that you need to make an inference about the passage. Sneaky, huh? Here are a few that require inferencing skills, but dont use those words exactly. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?Which of the following sentences would the author most likely use to add additional support to paragraph three? Step 2: Trust the Passage Now that youre certain you have an inference question on your hands, and you know exactly what an inference is, youll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use the passage to prove that the inference you select is the correct one. Inferences on a multiple-choice exam are different from those in real life. Out in the real world, if you make an educated guess, your inference could still be incorrect. But on a multiple-choice exam, your inference will be correct because youll use the details in the passage to prove it. You have to trust that the passage offers you the truth in the setting of the test and that one of the answer choices provided is correct without stepping too far outside the realm of the passage. Step 3: Hunt for Clues Your third step is to start hunting for clues – supporting details, vocabulary, characters actions, descriptions, dialogue, and more – to prove one of the inferences listed below the question. Take this question and text, for example: Reading Passage: The widow Elsa was as complete a contrast to her third bridegroom, in everything but age, as can be conceived. Compelled to relinquish her first marriage after her husband died in the war, she married a man twice her years to whom she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common, and by whose death she was left in possession of a splendid fortune, though she gave it away to the church. Next, a southern gentleman, considerably younger than herself, succeeded to her hand, and carried her to Charleston, where, after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow. It would have been remarkable if any feeling had survived through such a life as Elsas; it could not but be crushed and killed by the early disappointment of her first grooms demise, the icy duty of her second marriage, and the unkindness of her third husband, which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Based on the information in the passage, it could be suggested that the narrator believes Elsas prior marriages to be:A. uncomfortable, but well-suited to ElsaB. satisfactory and dull to ElsaC. cold and damaging to ElsaD. awful, but worth it to Elsa To find clues that point to the correct answer, look for descriptions that would support those first adjectives in the answer choices. Here are some of the descriptions of her marriages in the passage: †¦she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow.†¦the icy duty of her second marriage and the unkindness of her third husband which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Step 4: Narrow Down the Choices The last step to making a correct inference on a multiple-choice test is to narrow down the answer choices. Using the clues from the passage, we can infer that nothing much was satisfactory to Elsa about her marriages, which gets rid of Choice B. Choice A is also incorrect because although the marriages certainly seem uncomfortable based on the clues, they were not well-suited to her as she had nothing in common with her second husband and wanted her third husband to die. Choice D is also incorrect because nothing is stated or implied in the passage to prove that Elsa believed her marriages to be worth it in some way; in fact, we can infer that it wasnt worth it to her at all because she gave away the money from her second husband. So, we have to believe that Choice C is the best – the marriages were cold and damaging. The passage states explicitly that her marriage was an icy duty and her third husband was unkind. We also know that they were damaging because her feelings had been crushed and killed by her marriages. Step 5: Practice To get really good at making inferences, youll need to practice making your own inferences first, so start with these free inference practice worksheets.

Brand Loyalty A Two Dimensional Approach Marketing Essay

Brand Loyalty A Two Dimensional Approach Marketing Essay The ultimate goal of the research is to understand if brand loyalty may arise from participating in online brand communities. This section more specifically intends to provide an answer to the following sub-question: â€Å"Does commitment to online brand communities lead to members’ loyalty toward the brand?† Brand Loyalty: a Two-Dimensional Approach Nowadays, brand loyalty is considered as one of the most valuable asset of any company. Due to the higher cost of attracting new customers, companies have realized the interest of retaining existing ones by carefully developing and managing relationships with them. As explained Rosenberg and Czepiel (1983) (cited in Mellens, Dekimpe, indeed, if properly managed brand loyalty has the ability to provide companies with a sustainable competitive advantage. Companies selling brands with strong customer loyalty can enjoy valuable benefits including: â€Å"ability to maintain premium pricing, greater bargaining power with chann els of distribution, reduced selling costs, a strong barrier to potential new entries into the product or service category, and synergistic advantages of brand extensions† (Reichheld, 1996; cited in Gommans, Krismnan Mellens et al., 1996). Two main approaches in explaining the concept of brand loyalty have emerged in the landscape of the marketing literature, namely: the behavioral and attitudinal approaches. The former defines brand loyalty in terms of repeat purchases of a specific brand over time (Keller et al., 2008; Lichtlà © Sheth, 1968; Tuominen, 1999). The latter – often referred to brand commitment (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978) – suggests brand loyalty is formed when customers demonstrate favorable attitudes, positive feelings toward a brand (Lichtlà © Fullerton, 1993; Jacoby Keller et al., 2008; Tuominen, 1999). Those partisans of the third approach argue that behavioral loyalty is a necessary condition but not sufficient to develop brand loyalty. I ndeed, customer may repeatedly buy a branded product/service out of convenience, or because she/he cannot afford to purchase another with her/his budget, or due to other reasons such as stock limitations. Such behaviors are referred to as purchase inertia (Bloemer & Kasper, 1995) or spurious loyalty (Dick & Basu, 1994) (Cited in Lichtlà © & Plichon, 2008). This implies that if, for example, the price increases or if an alternative product is available, the customer may turn to another brand. It is the reason why those authors speak of brand loyalty only when repeat purchase behavior over time is the result of positive feelings and attitudes to the brand (Lichtlà © & Plichon, 2008). Aaker (1991) and Keller et al. (2008) go a step further by explaining customers should not simply have positive feelings about the brand but they should feel a deep attitudinal attachment to the brand, leading to repurchase behaviors in the future. By viewing brand loyalty as a two-dimensional construct , limitations faced by the behavioral approach in explaining customer’s loyalty to a brand can be overcome.

Stress Effect and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress Effect and Management - Essay Example ing for a picnic with my kids, I would first get panic attacks on how to go there and after reaching the spot, I would worry about how we would get back. By practicing Yoga, I have become calmer and I am able to control these panic attacks, plan my activities better and small issues don’t upset me too much. Yoga has helped me to reduce the harmful effects of stress. Some of the harmful effects that stress causes are headaches, exhaustion, reduced resistance to common colds and flu, digestive problems and acidity, distraction at work that can cause attention lapse and cause injuries, increased occurrence of Type 2 diabetes, premature aging, insomnia, unable to concentrate and focus on work, loss of sense of humour and tendency for rash flare-ups that can cause strained relations with colleagues and other bad effects. Too much of stress is known to cause migraines, cluster headaches and tension headaches and these cannot be cured by taking medicines. Stress also causes exhaustion and a general feeling of tiredness that drains away the creative abilities and victims feel tired and drained out after work. Too much stress causes natural resistance of the body to reduce and people become ill more frequently with colds, flu and cough and they also have problems such as ulcers caused by too mu ch secretion of the bile juice inside the stomach. Stress is also known to make people preoccupied and this can cause lapse of judgement while driving or at work and can lead to accident. It is also known to cause cardiovascular diseases that can cause artery blockage, heart attacks and other serious illness. Other than these, stress also makes people irritable and they are prone to flare up at colleagues, with very little provocation. Such behaviour causes a breakdown in interpersonal relations and effects work performance besides vitiating the atmosphere at homes. The whole observation is that stress is a needless by product of life that reduces the quality of life and causes

Leprosy in the Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leprosy in the Middle Ages - Essay Example If unchecked, it can result to loss of neural consciousness, blindness as well as local paralysis. Leprosy represented a major moral, social as well as health concern in the middle Ages. Few ailments have conjured the social reactions, which leprosy did in the middle Ages. Some primordial communities undertook exclusionary actions to isolate socially persons with the ailment. Other communities, whereas acknowledging the ailment, treated persons similar to normal citizens as well with compassion. This paper will discuss leprosy in the middle ages. Experts consent that Hansen’s disease was a familiar ailment in mediaeval Europe although opinions range as to its pervasiveness in the period. Writers have proposed that the ailment might have reached its peak in the 20th and 30th eras.4 They grounded this assumption upon the discovery that the total number of hospices started to care for persons with the ailment were many in the 20th and 30th centuries. For instance, in the middle o f 20th era, France had around two thousand leprosariums whereas Scotland and England had about two hundred and twenty to cater for around 1.5 m persons with leprosy. Nevertheless, some of these hospices never served persons with the ailment as well as the dread of the ailment might have resulted to over-exaggeration of its pervasiveness.3 Stereotypically, the medieval societies saw persons with the ailment as untrustworthy, unclean, wrathful, suspicious and hopeless. To the primordial citizen, Hansen’s disease meant a lengthy, disfiguring, as well as inevitable demise. Given the alleged fears of the ailment, primordial citizens evaded people with the ailment.5 Primordial citizens were apprehensive that they might contact Hansen’s disease from associating with persons with the illness and officials habitually made provisions within primordial law, for instance, prohibitions concerning ownership of property. For instance, primordial French communities regularly denied ow nership rights to persons with leprosy. Other communities approved laws to limit the personal free will of persons with leprosy, for instance, the 1276 inquests of London that stated that persons with Hansen’s disease could not reside within the city.6 Primordial communities established other restraints. For example, some individuals believed the Hansen’s disease could be contracted via the breath; therefore, persons with the ailment were only allowed to communicate only they were on down wind.1 Certain communities banned them from utilizing well-travelled roads, enter taverns, market, and even churches with no permission. Medieval communities also banned them from doing laundry within local streams, utilizing public drinking mugs, and touching babies. Restraints varied amid communities, for instance, certain Scottish communities hung or took them out of the village, whereas others allowed them to move around freely. Rendering to Kealey (1981), during 12th century Engl and, persons with the Hansen’s disease were not detested or removed from community, and leper bells and clappers were not used. One of the utmost dramatic social restraints upon persons with the Hansen’s disease was their isolation from mainstream community that was carried out for at least 8 centuries. Primordial citizens believed they might contract leprosy via association.1 Therefore, communities guaranteed that avoids were upheld amid those with and without the ailment. For

Police and the Use of Excessive Force Essay Example for Free

Police and the Use of Excessive Force Essay The use of excessive force by police organizations around the world as a crime control mechanism has been widely criticized and debated for many years. Many ask, what exactly is excessive force? What causes an officer to use excessive force and is it justified? There is much ambiguity when it comes to answering such questions. Your perception will undoubtedly create your expectation and too many times one’s failure to acknowledge, ‘the other side of the story,’ causes a misperception. How big of a role do the media play in portraying police use of excessive force as fair or unnecessary? These are all valid questions that will be addressed in this analysis as well as what is being done to address the situation. We begin with the definition of excessive force as provided by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, â€Å"excessive force is the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling suspect† (Police use of Force, 2009). That is, police will turn to excessive force when an individual has been uncooperative. Some argue that the police’s most defining feature is their capacity to use coercive force (Katz Walker, 2008). Police use of force may include physical force as well as the power to arrest, but most importantly the power to use deadly force. It is important to keep in mind that there are laws set in place to limit the amount of force an officer uses, including excessive force. Such laws have allowed for better policing practices and an improved police/community relationship. Although police use of excessive force still arises from time to time, the number of incidents has dropped dramatically over the years. According to a study done in the years 1999 and 2000 of calls for service, force was used by police in less than one percent of the calls (Police use of Force, 2009). In actuality, the police spend most of their shift serving their community as peacekeepers as  well as helping others. So what drives a sworn police officer to use excessive force? The answer to this question is not a simple one, and rightfully so. Some argue that discrimination, stereotyping and the environment in which a n officer may patrol can contribute to the use of excessive force. People call the police because they want an officer to settle a problem: to arrest someone, to get someone to calm down, or to have someone removed from the home (Katz Walker, 2008). In other words, police are constantly put in volatile situations where the people they are dealing with can become a danger to the officer who is responding to a call and there is no telling what someone might do at any given moment. Often times when an officer has been dispatched to a scene, particularly an altercation, tempers are already flaring and what would normally be a situation calling for a simple mediation performed by the officer can easily escalate to the citizen resisting arrest for fear of going to jail, not knowing that the police is just trying to calm down the individual in order to assist with the situation more accurately. Situations like these are all too common and police can feel very much unappreciated and a sense of disrespect on behalf of those they serve. This frustration often times lead to a small number of officers easily losing their temper when confronting citizens in future instances. It must be pointed out that such instances are rare, but still do a rise from time to time. As a retired police lieutenant reflecting on his career put it, ‘The majority of cops were good, hardworking, conscientious individuals. They cared, and they wanted to do a good job. But there were enough cops—not one rotten apple, but several rotten apples—to give law enforcement the taint it had received’ ((Retired), 2000). The media, which include movies, television shows, and news organizations, have a lot of power when it comes to portraying the police as good or evil. Given the considerable ambiguity that surrounds the issue, whether police use of force is presented as police brutality and whether brutality is understood as a problem depend greatly upon which voices and views the media emphasize (Lawrence, 2000). It is the media who determine what the general public learns about street cops’ daily experience with criminals and the underclass, as well as what the middle-class public learns about other groups’ experiences with police (Lawrence, 2000). A perfect example is the famous reality television program, ‘Cops,’ where camera crews  participate in ride-along a ssignments and capture real life drama from the police officer’s viewpoint. News headlines are one of the most, if not the most, influential media forms influencing public opinion and attitude towards law enforcement. As the lawyer for a Miami policeman acquitted in the shooting death of a black motorcyclist—an acquittal that touched off days of rioting—indignantly told reporters, â€Å"If the headlines read, ‘Twice-convicted drug dealer shot while trying to run over officer,’ there wouldn’t have been any riots† (Lawrence, 2000). So the question arises, what is being done to address the situation with police use of excessive force? History has shown that policing systems and strategies can and do change. One way the situation has been dealt with in recent years is with the creation of local citizen oversight groups where complaints by citizens are reviewed to determine whether the action taken by the officer towards the individual filing the complaint was caused by a lack of policy, or a bad policy, on behalf of the police department in which case a recommendation for a new policy is sent to the department. Another way that police departments are dealing with the situation is by mounting video recorders on patrol cars as well as working with the local media and using them as a way of checks and balances. There is also the case for higher education for police officers. The subject matter of higher education as a requirement for police officers is a hot debate topic today. Study has shown that higher educated cops receive fewer complaints than those with less education (Victor E. Kappeler, 1992). Works Cited (Retired), L. A. (2000). From the Inside Looking Out. In J. Nelson, Police Brutality (p. 265). New York: Norton. Katz, C. M., Walker, S. (2008). The Police In America. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lawrence, R. G. (2000). The Politics of Force. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Police use of Force. (2009, August 04). Retrieved March 19, 2010, from National Institute of Justice web site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/use-of-force/welcome.htm#note1 Victor E. Kappeler, D. C. (1992). Police Officer Higher Education, Citizen Complaints, and Departmental Rule Violation. American Journal of Police , 37-54.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird Usually, my method of writing a book review starts off with a quote. However, this time with this particular book I’ve decided to begin with a description of the author. Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. She studied law along with her father and sister. In her allegorical novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee writes about a young girl in a small southern town by showing the difficulties she will have to face as she grows up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s purpose is to show us how life isn’t always fair. I strongly agree with her on that for several reasons. For example, look at what happened to Tom Robinson. He was accused of a crime he didn’t commit and then he was killed because someone was lonely. She got him in trouble, which drove him to his death. In this example, life is definitely not fair because he never should have been accused of something he did not do. I could give several examples of smaller, less important situations that have the same theme as this story does â€Å"do not harm people who do not harm you.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting of this book was in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930’s. Scout, Jem and Dill spend the summer trying to get Boo Radley out of his house. None of them had ever seen him. Scout started to school and on his way there and back, he and Jem would find gifts in a hole in the tree by the rocky place. Scout and Jem started hearing their father referred to as a â€Å"nigger-lover† because he was defending Tom Robinson – a Negro man accused of rape. When Scout, Jem and Calpurnia come home from church, they find Aunt Alexandrea is staying with them for the trial. One night, Atticus mysteriously leaves the house. Scout, Jem, Dill follow him. A lynch mob appears and was trying to force Atticus to let them have the Negro prisoner, but then the kids show up. On the way back from a Halloween pageant, the children were attacked by someone and caused Jem a broken arm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the book, Scout changes a lot. She goes from being an immature young girl to a mature young lady. She had a lot to adjust to in this story. For example, Jem felt her was older and too old to hang out with his little sister.

Internship Report on Gfc

Prepared By: Farhan Ahmad Roll No: 0802090-059 Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat INTERNSHIP REPORT A six weeks internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION in Accounts from Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat by FarhanAhmad Under Roll No: 08020920-059 The Internship report of Mr. Farhan Ahmad is approved: ————————————————————- Internship Supervisor Letter of Transmittal The Coordinator, Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Sir, I acknowledge with my cordial thanks the co operation & encouragement you provided and it gives me great pleasure in submitting my report to you. With regard to the opportunities you provided, I tried entirely to figure out something about fan industry and its requisite prospects. During my 6 weeks training session I have gathered & learned a great experience for myself . finally I entirely enjoyed this assembling of term paper with your renowned institution, mortal support & encouragement. I should be glad and ready to co-operation with whatever you may ask for further clarification. Thank you. Yours Sincerely, ——————- Farhan Ahmad Roll No: 08020920-059 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I dedicate this internship report to all the employees of GFC (Pvt. ) Ltd. Whose kind guidance and help, during my stay in metro, made me to learn a lot about different tasks at professional level. At this moment I also want to give a tribute to my teachers by dedicating this report to Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Gujrat. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page No. Letter of Transmittal 05 Acknowledgement 06 Executive Summary 07 1. Introduction of Organization08 Brief History08 Company’s Credential 14 Company’s Achievements16 Company’s Certificates 17 Type Of Company 19 Hierarchical Level Of Company_____20 Boards Of Directors_____21 Communication Model 22 2. Company’s Departments__23 2. 1. Purchase Department24 2. 2. Inspection Department26 2. 3. Production Department27 2. 4. Sales and Marketing Department30 2. 5. Research and Development31 2. 6. Internal Audit31 2. 7. Export & Import Department32 2. 8. Accounts Department34 2. 9. Human Resource Management37 2. 10. Field of Activity37 3. Other Learning43 4. Objectives of Studying the Organization 44 5. The Business Principles of GFC 44 6. Suggestions48 7. References51 8. Appendix52 9. Contacts of Internee and Organization 54 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY General Fans Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. Is one of the top most Fan manufacturers in Pakistan which is recognized for best quality and design in Fan Industry. It is a great honor for me that I have completed my six week internship as per degree requirements in HR department of GFC. There are several departments working in GFC which include: †¢Purchases †¢Raw material inspection †¢Production †¢Sales and Marketing †¢Research and Development †¢Accounts Department †¢Human Resources Management †¢Internal Audit †¢Export & Import I was first assigned to the HR department for first four weeks and then rotated to different departments in the last few weeks so that I may understand the workings and collaboration of different departments. It was a very good experience in GFC and I observed every department and its working keenly and gave my suggestions to the top management for the betterment of GFC. INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION 1. 1. Brief History General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. was formed in 1954 as a small manufacturing unit for electric fans. The company grew rapidly from its modest start because of the quality of its products. The company was one of the major exporters of fans in 1960's to Iraq. However, the company was in trouble in late 1970's due to differences in its partners. The present management took over the company in 1978 and Mechanical Engineer Muhammad Ilyas took over as Chief Executive of the company. Under his dynamic leadership the company grew rapidly and G. F. C became major recognized brand for fans in the Pakistani market. Mr. Muhammad Ilyas, the Chief Executive who is a foreign trained Mechanical Engineer, brought in new technologies for fan manufacturing from developed countries and improved G. F. C products in a continuous process. Automatic Capstan Lathe Machines and Die Casting Machines were introduced in 1982. Automatic Winding Machines were brought from Taiwan in 1985. A Japanese made modern Enameled Wire Manufacturing Plant was installed in 1987 for the manufacturing of quality enameled copper wire for own consumption as well as for the sale in the local market. Plastic Injection Molding Machines were installed in 1993 to manufacture own plastic parts for plastic fans like Exhaust Fans, Bracket Fans, Circumatic Fans and Table Fans. A modern tool room was set up for the manufacture of Dies, Molds and Models etc. The tool room consists of Wire Cut Machines, EDM Machines, Surface Grinders, Cylindrical Grinder, Shaper Machines, CNC Milling Machines and Copy Milling Machines. Automatic Rotor Balancing Machines were introduced in 1995 to further improve the quality of fans. Modern Continuous Stamping Presses were installed in 1997 for manufacture of motors of all type of fans such as Ceiling, Pedestal, Bracket, Exhaust and Circumatic Fans etc. Slitter Machine for slitting the electrical steel sheet coils was installed in 1999. The company started manufacturing Washing Machines in 1996. Due to its quality and excellent finish the product has become an instant success. Gas & Electric Geysers are being manufactured since year 2000. The Chief Executive Mr. Muhammad Ilyas is a pioneer in the export of electric fans from Pakistan. To initiate the export from Pakistan he attended an International exhibition for electrical appliances in 1993 in Abu-Dhabi. The company also participated in many trade delegations as well as exhibitions arranged by Export Promotion Bureau and Federation of Chamber of Commerce & Industry in Bangladesh, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, Bahrain. Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, U. S. A. etc. G. F. C was the first Pakistani company to export fans to the Middle-East. G. F. C Fans became an instant success due to their quality and durability in all the markets where these were introduced. General Fan Company has also set up a unit to manufacture capacitors used in electric fans, Washing machines and motors. Mr. Muhammad Ilyas (Chief Executive) and Mr. Muhammad Ijaz (Finance Director) are always on the look out for the latest technology for manufacturing of electric fans as well as for corporate management of the company. Now G. F. C has established a new Computer department which keep its Executives update about any inquires. This shows the interest of management not only in manufacturing technology. But they also know the importance of information technology. G. F. C has stepped in this Millennium fully equipped with manufacturing and information technology for Corporate Management and Marketing. G. F. C can rightly claim that they have all the best technologies in its workshops, which are available for Design, Production. Our products are now of International Standard, and we are truly an International Company. Our 800 Employees and Management are committed to Excellence in Quality. G. F. C. was the pioneers in export of fans from Pakistan. G. F. C. has got eight Export Trophy Awards for Fans and other Electrical Products like enameled Copper Wire. 1. 2. Main Competitors: General Fan Company has perfect competition in the market for different products, mainly in fan manufacturing field. The main competitors of G. F. C (General Fan Company) are; ? Pak fan ?Royal fan ?Younis Fan 1. 3. First mover advantage: General Fan Company is currently enjoying the first mover advantage of exports. G. F. C is the only company which starts to export to other countries. That's the reason company has been rewarded export trophy for 08 times. G. F. C being the most popular brand as for the electric fans in Bangladesh most of the fan manufacturers in Bangladesh are using â€Å"G. F. C† trade mark beside the manufacturers of China who are exporting their electric fans to Bangladesh with the same Trade Mark. To stop the manufacturing and selling of fake G. F. C Fans which are registered vide Trade Mark Registration No. 62674 dated 22. 11. 1999 the Chief Executive of the company, Engineer Mohammad Ilyas, visited Bangladesh. 1. 4. Our Core Values: ?Competent ?Committed ?Creative ?Cooperative ?Caring 1. 5. VISION STATEMENT We believe that we have A unique product which has been developed by G. F. C, And no other country manufactures a pedestal fan like ours. This product is most useful in the hot tropical humid climates. We want to mark this product throughout the world, And we foresee this product to dominate the entire International market. We want to set up an excellent after-sales-service, And spare parts supply service to each and every country. We also want to set up home service centers throughout the world. We believe that within 10 years; We can achieve an export target of US Dollars 40 Million. 1. 6 MISSION STATEMENT To produce such quality products, Which provide entire satisfaction to all our customers the world over. 1. 7 QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT Quality policy of G. F. C is to produce such quality products, which provide our customer the entire satisfaction the world over. to meet this obligation, we continually update employees’ skills by introduction of new technologies. 1. 8. COMPANY’S CREDENTIAL General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. is a pioneer in the export of electric fans from Pakistan. To initiate the export from Pakistan we participated in International exhibition for electrical appliances in 1993 in Abu-Dhabi. The company also participated in many trade delegations as well as exhibitions arranged by Export Promotion Bureau and Federation of Chamber of Commerce & Industry In Bangladesh, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Bahrain. Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, U. S. A. etc. G. F. C. was the first Pakistani company to export fans to the Middle-East. G. F. C. Fans became an instant success due to their quality and durability in all the markets where these were introduced. By the grace of God: ?G. F. C. has been getting the Export Trophy from FPCCI for the export of electric fans for many years. The growth rate of fan export from G. F. C. has been continuously more than 100% per annum for the last 5 years. 1/3rd of the total fans exported from Pakistan. ?G. F. C. has large International orders many times more than the previous years for the financial year 2001-2002 and we are looking forward to export fans to all parts of the world including United States and Europe. ?Water and Power development authority has issued the renewal of Registration in 1997. Registration Renewal is an honorable success that G. F. C. has achieved. ?ISO-9002 Certificate assures that Manufacturing Quality of Electric Fans are according to International Standards. Engineer in Chief Branch has given the certificate of Enlistment/Registration dated: 23-2-2000 on best technical performance. ?Contract agreement for supply of G. F. C. Fans for â€Å"Army Housing Directorate† at 30 April 2001 and is a big achievement for G. F. C. Fans. ?Pakistan Standard Institution has certified according to 1961 ordinance. The institution hereby grants to G. F. C. Fans. (Hereinafter called â€Å"the License†) this License is used as standard mark. 1. 9. COMPANY’S ACHIVEMENTS 1. 10. Company’s Certificates 1. 11. TYPE OF COMPANY General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. is a partnership company of two brothers. . 12. HIERARCHICAL LEVEL OF COMPANY 1. 13. BOARD OF DIRECTORS There are two families of jointly managing the General Fan Company. All boards of directors are family members. 1. 14. COMMUNICATION MODEL There is no well defined model of communication. I observed that following communication model. 2. COMPANY’S DEPARTMENTS To run an organization many departments work in it, so that an organization may achieve its aims and objectives efficiently. To ensure efficient working of G. F. C the departments that are working in it are as: There are 09 departments working in the Organization Purchases ?Raw material inspection ?Production ?Sales and Marketing ?Research and Development ?Accounts Department ?Human Resources Management ?Internal Audit ?Export & Import 2. 1. Purchase Department Purchase department in every manufacturing organization is of most importance. Because this department provides the other departments as production department with their basic needs. This department is also responsible for the quality of the products produced in that organization, as the quality of product depends upon the quality of raw material. In G. F. C raw material is also purchased from outside that's why they are in need of a production department to fulfill the purchase requirements. This department purchases raw material for the production department. It is the responsibility of this department to provide quality material within minimum cost. To achieve this purpose, the production department of G. F. C purchases raw material, in the supervision of two managers i. e. Mr. M. Kamran and Mr. Zia Hussain, from both sources i. e. ?By domestic purchases ?By importing raw material In Domestic Purchasing, G. F. C purchases raw material regarding the manufacturing of, fans, washing machines, room air coolers, etc. and mostly for this purpose markets of good standards are visited. G. F. C purchases raw material locally from Gujranwala, Lahore, Gujrat, etc. In imports, G. F. C mostly imports those materials that are either expensive or of low quality in Pakistan. Importing is done to keep the standard of production high as well as keeping per unit cost at some reasonable point. The material that in included in imports of G. F. C are ?Aluminum Sheets. ?Copper Rods. ?Plastic raw material. ?Mini Motors Chemicals Here is lists of those countries from which mostly imports are done by G. F. C are from: ? China ?Taiwan ?Korea ?United Kingdom ?Japan ?Hong Kong 2. 2. Inspection Department Those organizations that don't compromise on quality keep an inspection department whose work is to inspect the raw material for quality of raw material and its quantity. If any material is of less quality or of that quality that is not acceptable to the organization, this department doesn't give permission to enter such material within the boundaries of organization and material is returned as it is. In G. F. C there is an in charge for the inspection of raw material and it is his responsibility to make sure that the purchase made for organization is for that material which is of best quality. This department restricts the entry of such material that is either of: ? Less quality ?Defective ?From unauthorized dealer ?Not useful This department ensures that material purchased is of: ?Best Quality ?Contains no defect ?From authorized dealer 2. 3. Production Department Production department in any organization is of immense value. Performance, working, profitability, etc. epends upon this department. All the products of organization are manufactured here. It is the department where force of organization either in labor form or in financial form is applied over material to make products for the organization. So that organization may sell those products in the market to get profit. Like other organizations G. F. C is also paying great attention towards Production Department. According to C. E. O of G. F. C, Production and Selling Departments are of more importance to them. This department works under the supervision of Mr. Asim Ijaz who is the Director of production and he has 4 foremen under his authority so that authority is delegated to others in order to make sure that work is going as at should be. Staff in production department is highly skilled although most of them are not too much educated but they are skilled person in whom 20 members of management and 700-800 are labors and these are the true assets of the company In G. F. C production department is divided into further sub departments as: ? Motor Section ?Body Section ?Fitting Section ?Packing Section 2. 3. 1. Motor Section I. In this section of production department motors for various products of G. F. C are produced. In this section motors for ceiling fans, pedestal fans, room air coolers, etc. are manufactured. II. Ceiling fans use a variety of motors i. e. 36†³ 48†³ and 56†³ are used. And this section produces the motors for all. III. In Pedestal fans motors used are entirely different from the motors used in ceiling fans. This section also produces the motors for pedestal fans. IV. Meanwhile room air coolers also use motors in two ways. V. Motors for fans VI. Motors for water pumps. This section produces the motors for all. This section covers sub sections as: a. Winding Section In this section copper wire is made winded, for type of motor that is going to be used in the Production of other products. b. Coil Testing Section In this section coils made in winding section are tested whether they are in working condition or not. Only approved coils are sent to motor section. 2. 3. 2. Body Section: In this section of production department bodies of various products are manufactured. No matter whether the body is made of plastic or it is made of metal. In this section, bodies of fans, washing machines, coolers, heaters, and other products are manufactured. This section is comprised of the following: Blade section ?Plastic Molding Section ?CNG milling section ?Copper Wire Section i. Blade Section: In this section blades for different kinds of fans are produced. Fan blades, blades for air coolers, etc. are produced here keeping in mind that blades should be good looking and efficient in working. ii. Plastic Molding Section: In this section production department plastic is molded in various shapes to make bodies of fans in plastic those parts of ceiling fans that are of plastic. In short this section makes all the plastic parts of products. iii. Copper Wire Section: This section makes the copper wire for own use and also as a product of G. F. C to be sold in market and for using in its own production process e. g. in making motors. iv. Fitting Section: This section is responsible for the assembling of different parts that make up a product. In this section rotor and stator are combined to make up a complete motor. Similarly in blade section blades are assembled with their connecters. In this department other things like pedestal fans are assembled. This section makes the product in final shape to be packed and sell. v. Packing Section: In this section products are packed to be delivered to selling and marketing department to sell them in the market to have income. This department provides the facility of safe packing and making the products in attractive packing to catch more and more customers. 2. 4. Sales and Marketing Marketing and selling department is very important for every company either is multinational company or domestic company. This department is a link between organization and customers. It s the responsibility of this department to make the customers aware about the products produced in the organization. On the other hand this department is also responsible to sale the products that are manufactured in the market. There is only one Director of marketing i. . Mr. Nabeel Ahmad Ilyas, son of C. E. O Mr. Muhammad Ilyas, and one manager in sales department is Mr. Abdul Rehman. Marketing department is responsible to provide the goods in the market according to the need of the customers. Focus the marketing department is to providing products at proper place at proper time. Staff of this department is highly qualified and skilled. This department concentrates on qualified staff who analyze the market and suggest the manager how and where they should to present it. In the off-season, G. F. C also sells its products in large quantity by offering the special discount. They give special discount on buying their products. According to a survey made by G. F. C only 40% fans in the market are from recognized and registered firms remaining 60% are private and unregistered firms. Their product's sale in KARACHI is stronger and their market share is 18% out of 40%. 2. 5. Research and Development Research and development (R) department in any organization can lead the organization away from others because this department makes a research in the market regarding future trends, expected changes that are going to be in customer's taste and demand. It also suggests to the organization what was the response of previous version of product and what is to be innovated. In G. F. C R&D is not working in the form of a well arranged and not in a proper form of a department. Few employees Mr. Engineer Shehbaz as the manager of this so-called department do this work of R&D department. He is alone responsible for the research work. 2. 6. Internal Audit Internal Auditing is done to check the working of Accounts Department. Mostly it is done to prevent the errors in cash matters of the organization either intentional or unintentional. G. F. C has also its internal Account Department that works in the supervision of Mr. Malik Tafheem has taken the responsibility of internal Auditor. The work of this department is to show actual position of accounts that should be error free. As chances of fraud and misappropriation prevail in every organization so this is the responsibility of this department to fail all the tries that are made in this regard. Note: External Audit is done by the â€Å"M. A Chaudhary. † 2. 7. Export & Import Department This department is revenue generator for the organization and it ensures that organization is gaining in the market. This department is accountable for the delivery of products to the markets where the organization wants to compete and capture market by satisfying customers with their quality The strength of G. F. C fans depends on this department. Department has been comprised on highly skilled and experienced people, they perform their duties and boost the exports with in well-established structure. The manager of this department is MR. Shahid Ali. This department is responsible for contacting with foreign raw material suppliers, search for the new suppliers when needed, import all the raw material required by production department. When company started its exports, there was no planned procedure. But now after growing the company uses latest technology for the export of products. This department plays an essential role to capture well challenging global market and deal with all import and export contemporary challenges under high responsibilities and company strategy and policy department endeavor to augment the export channels. G. F. C fans company first time export their products in AMERICA. Export is a major part that distinguishes it to the other companies. Export countries of GFC fans are, ?SAUDI ARABIA ?YUMAN ?AFGHANISTAN INDONASISA ?DUBAI ?UNITED KINGDOM ?UNITED STATE OF AMERICA 2. 8. ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT Accounts Department in any Organization is important because of its working. This department shows the progress of organization and allocates the amount to purchase department for purchases. It also pays the rewards to other factors of production in the form of rent, wages, salaries, interest on loans, e lectricity bills, payments to suppliers, managing company accounts etc. In G. F. C accounts department works under the responsibility of Mr. Shahid-Ur-Rehman who is the General Manager of the organization. This department is liable to allocate amount approved by C. E. O to various department on their need. This department also decides about the suitable method of paying wages to labors. In G. F. C accounts department has set the method of wages to production labor as PIECE RATE SYSTEM. This department prepares annual reports of the organization in the month of September every year because September is the closing month of annual year in G. F. C. This department is also held responsible for the distribution of annual bonuses and relieves to the workers that C. E. O declares to them. 2. 8. 1. SOURCES OF RECEIPTS: Recovery from sales through show room ?Sales proceeds of left over raw material ?Export fans 2. 8. 2. PAYMENTS: ?Wages ?Staff Salaries ?Utilities expenses ?Govt. Dues 2. 8. 3. GOVT. PAYMENTS: ?Custom Dues ?Sales tax ?Electricity, Sui gases and telephones expenses 2. 8. 4. PAYMENTS TO SUPPLIERS: ?The suppliers are paid on credit/cash basis ?Venders are paid on cash basis ?Foreign suppliers are paid up to a limited level 2. 8. 5. Functions & Operations of Accounts department; Double entry accounting system is used in G. F. C. Following are the main duties performed by the Accounts department: ? Voucher preparation Coding & Posting of Vouchers ?Prepare a statement of daily receiving & payments ?Preparation of Financial statements ?Cash disbursement ?Monthly Trial balance preparation ?Ending adjustments ?Monthly Cash flow projection ?Bank Reconciliation Statements ?Sales Invoices ?Sales Tax Invoices ?Report to FBR Account department also performs following functions: ?Comparison of cash flow, Budgeted Vs actual ?Capital investment ?Fixed assets schedule report ?Comparison over heads report budgeted Vs actual ?Fixed overheads ?Variable overheads ?Preparation of production statement ?Preparation of Stock statement Month wise production and its sales value ?Wages and salaries statement ?Preparation of report on working Capital ?Receivables ?Raw material including stocks on way ?Finished goods stocks ?Advances and prepayments ?Cash/Bank balance on hand 2. 9. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2. 9. 1. HUMAN RESOURCE AND SUCCESSION PLAN Human Resource Policy is to hire young, fresh, energetic and active associates to meet the existing and future workforce requirements and providing its associates maximum opportunities for internal mobility through personal training and development to enable them to take higher positions. Human Resource Division has to have succession plan for each key job/area to make sure the continuity of operations in the relevant division and to fill the temporary/permanent vacancy. 2. 9. 2. FIELD OF ACTIVITIES My field of Specialization is M. B. A (HR), so I work 6 weeks under the supervision of General Manager in General Fan Company, 5 weeks in Human Resource Department, and 3 weeks in observing other departments. General Manager is responsible of handling all company records, and HR related activities. The G. M of G. F. C is very hardworking and very honest person. I prepared the whole company report in my internship period, in which I discuses all the departments and their functions. Most of my internship time was spent in HR department, now I will discuses the all functions and operations of HR department, their critical analysis and recommendations. Human Resource Department is actively working in G. F. C fans private limited Gujrat. Basic responsibilities of this department are as follows: ? Hiring Employees ?Firing Employees ?Developing Training Plans for Employees ?Maintaining Appraisal Reports ?Maintaining the Records of Employees 2. 9. 2. 1. HIRING EMPLOYEES There is a proper process for hiring an employee in G. F. C fans private limited and this process has several steps which are as follows: ? Need Analysis ?Job Requisition ?Job Advertisement ?Sorting the Applications ?Initial Interview ?Testing ?Second Interview ?Final Assessment ?Orientation ?Training 2. 9. 2. 2 Reference base Hiring: In G. F. C Gujrat employees also hire through references of already active employees but test and interviews are conducted for them as well. 2. 9. 2. 3. FIRING EMPLOYEES: If an employee does not work according to defined rules then it is responsibility of HR Manager that employee should be fired. If any employee commits any unauthorized work during his job then he will be fired. If any employee is not working up to the mark and not achieving his targets then HR Manager can fire him. 2. 9. 2. 4. Recruitment and Selection Process In GFC the recruitment and selection is made mostly on employee referrals and sometimes if needed advertisement is made on the newspapers for the filling of vacancies. The recruitment and selection process of metro includes the following steps: CV with professional reference Evaluation of application and CV Call for Interview Temporary job letter after success of interview Clearance certificate from previous organization Medical certificate Completion of trial period Issuance of permanent or contract job letter 2. 9. 2. 5. JOB DESCRIPTION Job is described at the time of interview and a complete job description is made on the permanent job letter of the employee. A job description form has been developed for the job description of every employee. 2. 9. 2. 6. DEVELOPING TRAINING PLANS FOR EMPLOYEES: HR Manager is also responsible for developing training plans for employees (workers & staff) and Internees. I. Identification of Training Needs: The training needs of employees (staff & workers) are identified by the function that they perform and by the respective departmental head. For a new employee the training needs are identified in the job descriptions. For existing employees (in case of workers) the training needs are identified in the â€Å"Training Needs Assessment Form†. The relevant departmental head fills the Training Needs Assessment Form. For staff members the training needs are assessed on ACR that is filled by the relevant departmental head at the end of every financial year. Training needs are identified in G. F. C fans private limited. Gujrat to enable employees to execute routine task and to enhance their professional capabilities, enable all persons to reach their full potential, to introduce new techniques and skills in a timely manner and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s activities. The qualification and experience required for persons performing tasks affecting quality are documented in the job descriptions. II. Training: Based on the TNA (Training Need Assessment) for the workers HR Manager develops an annual training plan. This training plan is then forwarded to the respective departmental head along with the training attendance sheets. The designated trainers conduct training on the dates mentioned in the plan. The TNA (Training Need Assessment) for the staff members is conducted by the respective Departmental Heads on their ACR (Annual Confidential Report). The General Manager is responsible for developing Annual Training Plan (for executives) based on the recommendation of the departmental heads, as desired by the departmental head or management time to time. For a new employee who has been hired at the staff level the HR Manager and relevant head of department develop an orientation plan. After the orientation phase is over the employee submits a written report. Based on this report, the departmental head gives his recommendation that the employee needs further training or not. If further training is required a further orientation plan is developed and subsequently the training is provided. III. Evaluation of training: Departmental heads monitor the training assigned by the trainers. After proper testing and getting the recommendations of the trainer about the trainees, the departmental heads does the evaluation of the training imparted. Assessment of effectiveness of training of employees (staff members) is done on their Annual Confidential Reports. Assessment of effectiveness of training imparted to (non-executives and workers) is done on the Training Plan. IV. Training records: Training record is maintained in the HR Department. The HR Manager is responsible for up-dating the training records of the employees. These training records are maintained in the respective files till the retirement or transfer of that particular employee. All executives and staff are made aware of the departmental quality objectives and role of their activities and their contribution in the achievement of objectives. 2. 9. 2. 7. MAINTAINING APPRAISAL REPORTS: Appraisal Report is assessment of employees which is done by head of department. At the end of the year head of departments make the Appraisal Reports for each employee (Staff only) working in their department. These appraisal reports then forward to HR Manager who further manage these reports according to the remarks which are given by the head of department about the employee. According to the remarks record of employees are upgraded. Appraisal decides the percentage of increment in pay of employees or for promotion. Report also decides whether employees need any further training or not. . 9. 2. 8. MAINTAINING THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES: Managing the record of employees is also responsibility of HR Department. When the employee is hired all of his data and documents are stored in a file and this file is stored. Employee’s data is also stored in computer by assigning him with a computer code. Now with the passage of time all new documents including training certificates and app raisal reports are updated into the files of employees. Any employee’s file has the same number which is computer code of employee. 2. 9. 2. 9. ATTENDANCE SYSTEM Attendance is made on daily basis at the main gate with entry and exit time transferred to the HR department. Overtime attendance is taken by the supervisors of the concerning department and conveyed to the HR department for the overtime wages etc. 2. 9. 2. 10. JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis of every employee is made by the HR department with the help of departmental managers and employee performance according to their job description. 2. 9. 2. 11. COMPENSATION AND REWARD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM On the basis of the job analysis annual increments and promotions are given to the employees twice a year. For outstanding employees special pay packages are offered and rewards and given in different ways to the employees for their motivation. 2. 9. 2. 12. LEADERSHIP STYLES In Metro I observed two types of leadership styles that are: Autocratic leadership and Democratic leadership. Autocratic style of leadership is observed in functional managers while democratic style of leadership is observed in middle and corporate level managers. 2. 9. 2. 12. HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES A proper system of health and safety is established at metro by providing the workers with safety devices, trainings, and by providing proper uniforms. Metro Hi-Tec provides medical and safety services to its employees in different ways. 3. OTHER WORKS CAUSED TO EXPERTISE ME DURING INTERNSHIP Apart from the before mentioned tasks . I worked on certain other assignments in GFC as well as got to learn certain other works such as. †¢I learnt the exact way of punching the documents. Because this to the first thing that one who gets to learn while in an office as instead of abruptly punching it one should first fold it and than keeping in line with the middle of page one should punch. †¢I learnt how the documents are filled and used to do a lot of filing. I went through typing certain application and letters. †¢I worked how data is feed in the computers. †¢I learnt how the phones are attended. †¢I used to go to banks for obtaining the statements for settlement of accounts. †¢I passed daily entries in the Journal and ledger accounts. †¢Documents relating to taxation purposes were also filled by me 4. OBJ ECTIVES OF STUDYING THE ORGANIZATION a)To promote efficiency and effectiveness by providing competent and high-caliber professionals in the area of Management Accountancy. b)Identify the duties of the financial manager within the firm. )Understand why wealth maximization, rather than profit maximization, is the firm's goal and how economic value added (EVA), d)To analysis what plays the role of Banks with the Firm. e)To estimate a firm's profitability relative to its sales, asset investment, & owners ‘equity investment. f)In fact, we have studied in GFC Private Limited Company because it is committed to these following Business Principles. 5. THE BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF GFC A. Corporate Philosophy Maintaining a global viewpoint, GFC is dedicated to supplying products of the highest quality yet at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction. )Dynamic manufacturing and marketing of prestigious products to the entire satisfaction of customers. b)Create ideal working env ironment for continuous development of product and personnel. c)Provide adequate return to share holders and fulfill corporate civic obligations. B. Management Policy a)Proceed always with ambition and youthfulness. b)Respect sound theory, develop fresh ideas, and make the most effective use of time. c)Enjoy your work and encourage open communications. d)Strive constantly for a harmonious flow of work. e)Be ever mindful of the value of research and endeavor. )Respect for all – man has priority over others. g)Man is the key in controlling i. e. machines, methods and materials. h)Follow 3S spirit i. e. small, smart and speed. i)Believe in 3A â€Å"GFC on Approach† i. e. be on Actual Spot, look at the Actual Spot and confront the Actual Situation. j)Be a good corporate citizen; assume a responsible role in community. C. Priority Standards Of Conduct a)Safety: There can be no production without safety. b)Quality: To achieve the No. 1 customer satisfaction, Metro is dedicat ed to supply the prestigious products of its highest quality, through our smart team work. )Productivity: With safety and quality each of it will strive to excel the performance in all fields of its activities i. e. Production, Marketing & Planning, After Sales Service, Finance, Logistics & Imports and Human Resource & Administration etc. D. Quality policy To achieve the No. 1 customer satisfaction, GFC is dedicated to supplying the prestigious products of its highest quality through its smart team work defined by the regulatory parameters & continually improving its strategies and goals for better performance. E. Environment policy GFC (Pvt. Ltd Gujrat (Pakistan), being responsible member of the society considers the preservation of the global environment as a crucial concern. GFC’s environmental philosophy is firmly based on the following guidelines: a)Recognize the impacts of the significant aspects on the environment resulting from activities, products and services; b)For mulate objectives and targets to control the effects of activities on local environment as for as technically feasible; c)Operate in compliance with relevant environmental laws, regulations and other requirements that apply to its activities; d)Create environment friendly attitude among associates; )Commitment to continual improvement of the environmental performance and review of the environmental management system to ensure its suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. F. Safety, Health and Environment GFC (Pvt. ) Ltd Gujrat (Pakistan) conducts its business responsibly and in a way to make sure Health, Safety and protection from Environmental aspects of its associates and the society. GFC implements and maintains the programs that provide reasonable assurance that the business will do the following: a)To comply with all applicable government and internal health, safety and environmental requirements. )Design facilities and conduct operations in a way that avoids risk to human healt h, safety and the environment. c)To examine and communicate the known hazards of operations with relevant health, safety and environmental protection information to potentially affected persons. G. Operating principles a)Always keep the deadline. b)Never make excuses. c)Teamwork. 6. SUGGESTIONS During the training I have observed number of problems and here are some suggestions of my observations. G. F. C management has strong capability to increase the production rate by reducing the cost of production. It can be achieved by investing more in time span; research studies and reengineering related department structure. Concluding points: ?In accounts department there is no well define job description. There must be a list of duty for each employee. ?There is no management in working environment. They should adopt a management functions in their department. ?Human Resource and Accounts department should hire at least two employees more. ?In HR department, there must racks for files. ?Vision Statement is to long, it must be one or two sentences ? G. F. C still emphasizes on production concept ?There is very less monitoring so there is need to be tightening the control by using digital monitoring system in account department. ?Local market of gujrat area can be captured ?G. F. C system is based on Microsoft window 98, so it should be upgraded as in market window xp is available. ?MIS system should be very efficient that manual work can be eliminated. ?R&D department in G. F. C is not very much active so management should have to investigate and invest more to overcome this. Every department should initiate research work that provides technical support to find out hidden facts that are the primary source of irregularities. ?Efficient employees and fresh management team with latest and modern techniques and valuable exposure can figure out managerial problems. ?There is less commitment among the workers. To improve this situation worker’s problems should be addressed properly. ?Top management should be awarded by stocks ( shares) for getting more efficient work and involvement in the organization. ?There must be proper uplifts and reward system for the encouragement of employees. G. F. C has very few targeted markets they have to explore more to enhance their profitability and worth. ?Salary packages are not very much attractive for the employees which should be revised. ?G. F. C is doing well but it should add-up the doing good factor (Society’s benefits). For awareness workshops and seminars should be conducted regularly. ?Appraisal report should be prepared on merit rather than on personal biasness. ?Up to date promotional strategies should be adopted (print and electronic media). ?For selection of price and new consumers need, company should conduct market survey. G. F. C is presently targeting only a small number of markets and there are still a large segment of markets which can be explored. ?More the export the more the profit will be; because of this G. F. C can enjoy a lot more profit than existing. ?G. F. C can easily expand its businesses through external debt because of its already built credibility. ?By the reduction in cost of production G. F. C can enjoy the more profit margins. ?If the employees discipline and control mechanism should properly apply then it will results more involvement and output. By introducing more brands and designs by adequate use of R&D G. F. C can grow more ? G. F. C still adopting production concept. There must be forward thinking ? G. F. C must investment in outside the business. ?Less monitoring or check and balance. There must be check and balance. 7. REFERENCES ?Director marketing (Nabeel Ahmad) ?Director Finance and Purchase (Ijaz Ahmad) ?General Manager Finance (Shahid-ur-Rehman) ?www. gfcfans. com ?www. google. com ?Chief Accountant(Muhammad Imran) ?Accounts Officer (Nasir Khan) ?Assistant Accountant (Mian Abdul Haseeb) . APPENDICES ?Job Description Form Job title: ________________________________________ Summary descriptio n: _____________________________ _______________________________________________ Major tasks and responsibilities: _______________ _____ ___ _______ ______________ ______________________ ___________ ________________ ___________________ Minor functions: _ _______________ ___________ _____ _ ________________ ____ _______ ___________ ______ Supervised by & report to:____________ ______________ _ ________________ ____________ ____________ _____ Supervise:_ _______________ _______________________ Assist with other jobs:_ ________________ ____________ _ ________________ ___________ ________ ____ _____ Qualifications & training: ___ ____________________ ___ _ ________________ ___________ ___________ ______ _ ________________ ___________ ___________ ______ Skill requirements:___________ _________ ___________ _ ________________ ___________ __________ ______ _ ________________ ___________ ____________ ______ Experience: _________ ___________ _______ ___ ______ Personal characteristics required:__ _____ _____________ ________________ ___________ ________ __________ Physical requirements:__________ _______ ____________ Salary range: minimum:_____ ______ maximum:__ ______ Work hours: _____________ _______________ _________ Average hours: ___ _________ ____________ _________ _ Days off per week:_ ________________ ______ _________ Overtime: never: _______seldom: ________ often: _______ Other benefits:_ ________________ ______________ ____ ________________ _______________ _________________ Work environment:_ _______________ ________ ________ _ ________________ ______________ ___________ _____ Safety responsibilities:_ ________ ________ ____ ________ _ ________________ ______________ ______ ________ _ _ ________________ _______________ _____ ________ 9. CONTACTS OF INTERNEE & ORGANIZATION: Internee’s ContactsOrganization’s Contacts Afzaal Ahmad S/O Muhammad InayatGeneral Fan Company, Private Limited Mailing Address: Mailing Address: General Fan Company G. T. Road, Gujrat-Pakistan. Cell :+92-300-5448133Telephone: +92-53-3520301-03 E-mail ID: [email  protected] com afzaal. [email  protected] com [email  protected] com Fax: +92-53-3521427-3515303 Email: [email  protected] com

Varying Definitions of Online Communication

Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1 The title should summarize the paper’s main idea and identify the variables under discussion and the relationship between them. The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research Elizabeth L. Angeli The author’s name and institution should be doublespaced and centered. The running head is a shortened version of the paper’s full title, and it is used to help readers identify the titles for published articles (even if your paper is not intended for publication, your paper should still have a running head). The running head cannot exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. The running head’s title should be in capital letters. The running head should be flush left, and page numbers should be flush right. On the title page, the running head should include the words â€Å"Running head. † For pages following the title page, repeat the running head in all caps without â€Å"Running head. Purdue University Blue boxes contain directions for writing and citing in APA style. Green text boxes contain explanations of APA style guidelines. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION Abstract The abstract is a brief summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly review the main points and purpose of the paper. The abstract sh ould be between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper should be defined in the abstract. 2 The word â€Å"Abstract† should be centered and typed in 12 point Times New Roman. Do not indent the first line of the abstract paragraph. All other paragraphs in the paper should be indented. This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as â€Å"email,† in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, offer different results. This paper examines Cummings et al. s research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION Online Communication Definitions Effect on Relationship Research 3 The title of the paper is centered and not bolded. Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, The introduction presents the problem that the paper addresses. See the OWL resources on introductions: http://owl. en glish. purdue. du/owl/resou rce/724/01/ focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and the frequency of use of CMC. However, contradictory results are suggested within this research mostly because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that FtF interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. In order to understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al. ’s research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to better understand how online communication effects relationships. If an article has three to five authors, write out all of the authors’ names the first time they appear. Then use the first author’s last name followed by â€Å"et al. † In-text citations include the author’s/ authors’ name/s and the publication year. The publication year and the not page number is used, because APA users are concerned with the date of the article (the more current the better). In Cummings et al. ’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al. , 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al. , 2002). VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the 4 HomeNet project. In this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5. 2 times per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7. 2 times per month) (as cited in Cummings et al. , 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their non-Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an inferior mode of personal relationship communication. Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i. e. , selfdisclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings et al. ’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection between intimacy and relationships through CMC. Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al. , 2004). Their results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating Use two spaces after a period throughout your paper. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC modality. Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives. In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the limitations of CMC, e. g. , the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to overcome the barriers of CMC. In their study, Tidwell and Walther (2002) measured the perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more intimate than their FtF relationship. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION A Level 1 heading should be flush left and bolded. If you use more than two levels of headings, consult section 3. 02 of the APA manual (6th ed. ) or the OWL resource on APA headings: http://owl. english. pur due. edu/ow l/resource/ 560/16/ 6 Discussion In 2002, Cummings et al. tated that the evidence from their research conflicted with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies. First, one reviewed study by Cummings et al. (2002) examined only email correspondence for their CMC mod ality. Therefore, the study is limited to only one mode of communication among other alternatives, e. g. , IM as studied by Hu et al. (2004). Because of its many personalized features, IM provides more personal CMC. For example, it is in real time without delay, voice-chat and video features are available for many IM programs, and text boxes can be personalized with the user’s picture, favorite colors and text, and a wide variety of Because all research has its limitations, it is important to discuss the limitations of articles under examination. emoticons, e. g. , :). These options allow for both an increase in self-expression and the ability to overcompensate for the barriers of CMC through customizable features, as stated in Tidwell and Walther (2002). Self-disclosure and intimacy may result from IM’s individualized features, which are not as personalized in email correspondence. In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies that focused on international bank employees and college students. It is possible the participants’ CMC through email was used primarily for business, professional, and school matters and not for relationship creation or maintenance. In this case, personal self-disclosure and intimacy levels are expected to be lower for non-relationship interactions, as this communication is primarily between boss and employee or student VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION and professor. Intimacy is not required, or even desired, for these professional relationships. Instead of professional correspondence, however, Cummings et al. ’s (2002) review of the HomeNet project focused on already established relationships and CMC’s 7 effect on relationship maintenance. The HomeNet researchers’ sole dependence on email communication as CMC may have contributed to the lower levels of intimacy and closeness among Internet relationships as compared to non-Internet relationships (as cited in Cummings et al. , 2002). The barriers of non-personal communication in email could be a factor in this project, and this could lead to less intimacy among these Internet partners. If alternate modalities of CMC were studied in both already established and professional relationships, perhaps these results would have resembled those of the previously mentioned research. In order to gain a complete understanding of CMC’s true effect on both online and offline relationships, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all aspects of CMC. This includes, but is not limited to, email, IM, voice-chat, video-chat, online ournals and diaries, online social groups with message boards, and chat rooms. The effects on relationships of each modality may be different, and this is demonstrated by the discrepancies in intimacy between email and IM correspondence. As each mode of communication becomes more prevalent in individual’s lives, it is important to examine the impact of all modes of CMC on online an d offline relationship formation, maintenance, and even termination. The conclusion restates the problem the paper addresses and can offer areas for further research. See the OWL resource on conclusions: http://owl. english. pur due. edu/ow l/resource/ 724/04/ VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION References Cummings, J. N. , Butler, B. , & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108. Hu, Y. , Wood, J. F. , Smith, V. , & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), 38-48. Tidwell, L. C. , & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 317-348. 8 Underwood, H. , & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140. Start the reference list on a new page, center the title â€Å"References,† and alphabetize the entries. Do not underline or italicize the title. Double-space all entries. Every article mentioned in the paper should have an entry.

buy custom Computer Technology essay

buy custom Computer Technology essay Computer technology has evolved over the years from a bulky and gigantic piece of machinery into the weightless, elegant, and super-fast devices which have transformed the life of our civilization. Indeed, computer technology has a major impact on the survival of both living creatures and non-living things on earth. Over the years, I have been keenly observing these developments. They ignited my interest in this genial masterpiece called the computer. Therefore, I am determined to study hard to get involved in the computer world and make an impact on the field of computing. While I was growing up in my native country, Nigeria, I would express a lot of interest in different mechanical and electrical gadgets. I learned a lot about their functioning up to the point where I could fix some minor problems with them. This fact influenced my choice of science-oriented subjects in secondary school. I went further to study metallurgical engineering at a higher level, after which I worked as a plant production engineer for a few years before I left Nigeria for Belgium. My first experience with the computers came about while I was working. Currently, I have to enrol for a diploma corse in graphic design. I have a basic skill in CorelDraw, Photoshop, Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Word, and PowerPoint. This gave me an opportunity to establish my own designer business. My work involved designing of different kinds of posters, flyers, and other printed items. However, I decided to move to Belgium in order to continue with my quest for computer studies. Despite a significant language barrier, I did not relent in my efforts and persisted with my self-education through reading specialized books and publications in English. I finally met a computer engineer who taught me practical aspects of assembling a computer from basic components such as a mother board, processor, memory card, sound, an d video cards among others. I later went on to learn about the installation of drivers and operating system. I also learnt how to troubleshoot and make important repairs. After acquiring this basic knowledge, I have been building and repairing personal computers for commercial purposes. I have dealt largely with desktop and laptop computers. I diversified my operations to designing posters and flyers to supplement my income from my current job of a security officer. I got the job in security after completting the necessary training required for the NOCN level 2 Award in Door Supervision. This was important for me because I needed finances to support myself in the United Kingdom. I am ready to pursue my dream career in the world of computer technology applications. I generally love sporting activities like soccer. Back in high school, I played football and still love playing it. I would join small football clubs back at home playing football in the village. These experiences and social set ups have counted a lot in shaping my personality. I have also played chess up to tournament level. I like reading, cooking, driving, and making friends. All those activities are my hobbies. I am certain that I have the relevant background and all the required qualifications that will enable me to succeed in my chosen career. The University, here in the United Kingdom, provides the right type of competitive educational environment for me. This prestigious University has a career program in which I am interested and that offers me the best opportunity in which I promise I will do the best I can. I will maximize my academic abilities and ambitions to achieve my future goal. Buy custom Computer Technology essay

Barcelona FC History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barcelona FC History - Essay Example However, despite the many challenges in the initial years of FCB foundation, the club did not take long before it started to enjoy success on various strategies and also in field activities. During the time of Spanish war, the team was faced with a financial crisis in addition to having a unsupportive government system that frustrated many initiatives taken by the club. According to Barcelona.de, the period of the 1940s was a blessing to FCB for having attained membership of around 25,000 people and won 21 Catalan matches in addition to getting 9 trophies (n.d). It is the continued success of the club in field activities that continued to attract additional members to join the club hence relieving the FCB financial burden. In addition, the increased membership and growth of the number of fans necessitated the construction of a larger stadium that would host a larger number of spectators allied to the club. Therefore, the FCB initiated the construction of stadium Camp Nou that took ab out three years for completion.Additionally, the FCB motto has contributed significantly to the success of the club since it was founded. The club motto, "Mà ©s que un club", meaning more than a club, was proclaimed by Narcà ­s de Carreras, a onetime FCB president, in 1968 (Barcelona.de, n.d). During the reign of the authoritarian leader, Francisco Franco, the FCB had been given a lot of restriction pertaining the club operations also membership because of the perceived association to a radicalization of the Catalans.

There are three pairs of questions below Article

There are three pairs of questions below - Article Example The Yoga of the Gita is founded on two major terms: ‘Vairagya’ and ‘Abhyasa’. While it may be difficult not to use â€Å"and† between the two closely related terms, the connector â€Å"and† should be used carefully because the two terms basically refer to the same thing. The two go hand in hand. An individual cannot practice ‘Vairagya’ in one day and practice ‘Abhyasa’ on another day. The two go together and are like the head and tail of a coin. Essentially, there is usually no time variation between the practice of ‘Vairagya’ and ‘Abhyasa’. People must be adept and skillful in ‘Vairagya’ and ‘Abhyasa’ simultaneously. While individuals have to be withdrawn, they must also be concentrated at the same time. This is reflected in non-attachment and steadfastness, which form the major principle in Yoga of Bhagavad-Gita. The ultimate meaning is that individuals must be very observant. A person must ever be cautious and is not supposed to forget this important virtue. â€Å"Pramada† or weakness is perceived to be a big mistake in a bid to perfect one’s soul. An individual needs to be an expert in connecting ‘Vairagya’ and ‘Abhyasa’. As the Gita tells us, the art of expertnesses in itself manifests Yoga, which is referred to as Yogah Karmasu Kausalam. Yoga is also the ability of an individual to present himself to daily life issues and to acclimatize to different scenarios. This is because according to Gita, each situation is a timeless incidence. Despite the fact that Bhagavad Gita is perceived to be an archaic text of yoga, it has limited coverage of practical yoga. The Gita conforms to Arjuna’s urge for divine assistance. Krishna provides solutions to Arjuna’s questions on ways to explore his internal holiness in order to take charge of his worldly mandates (Prakash, 2009). Yoga takes the form of Karma yoga, which is the service yoga, jnana yoga, which is a yoga that concerns knowledge, especially self-knowledge and finally, bhakti yoga, referring to the yoga of dedication or devotion to love. Bhakti yoga is the most important off all forms of yoga in the Gita. In the Gita, there are various forms of yoga that fundamentally refer to a single thing. The other forms yoga are all belong to bhakti-yoga. The divergence is only in the level of emphasis (Prakash, 2009). Bhakti-yoga is the perfection of all other forms of yoga and hence stands out as the most important form of yoga. Q2b. The following quotes form the main foundation of the principle of the doctrine of Conditioned Genesis: â€Å"When this is, that is; This arising, that arises; When this is not, that is not; This ceasing, that ceases† This principle of conditionality, relativity as well as interdependence clarifies the process of life from birth to death. It explains how life comes about, exists and progresses (Rahula, 1974, p. 53). According to the doctrine of Conditioned Genesis, life does not happen like a sequence of reactions but reflects a string of recurring events. Every element is conditioned and is conditioning at the same time. The doctrine of Conditioned Genesis is as such cyclical and not similar to a sequence of reactions. The doctrine of Conditioned Genesis holds that the notion of an abiding and eternal gist in man is a bogus belief and only a mere psychological projection. The assessment of the twelve elements of the doctrine enables